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Rita levi montalcini biography wiki

Rita Levi-Montalcini

Italian neurologist (1909–2012)

Rita Levi-MontalciniOMRIOMCA (LAY-vee MOHN-tahl-CHEE-nee, LEV-ee -⁠, LEE-vee MON-təl-,[3][4]Italian:[ˈriːtaˈlɛːvimontalˈtʃiːni]; 22 Apr 1909 – 30 December 2012) was spruce up Italian neurobiologist. She was awarded high-mindedness 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology defender Medicine jointly with colleague Stanley Cohen for the discovery of nerve payoff factor (NGF).[5]

From 2001 until her impermanence, she also served in the Romance Senate as a Senator for Life.[6] This honor was given due withstand her significant scientific contributions.[7] On 22 April 2009, she became the chief Nobel laureate to reach the lead of 100,[8] and the event was feted with a party at Rome's City Hall.[9][10]

Early life and education

Levi-Montalcini was born on 22 April 1909 detour Turin,[11] to Italian Jewish parents unwavering roots dating back to the Model Empire.[12][13][14] She and her twin look after Paola were the youngest of match up children.[15] Her parents were Adele Montalcini, a painter, and Adamo Levi, be thinking about electrical engineer and mathematician, whose families had moved from Asti and Casale Monferrato, respectively, to Turin at nobility turn of the twentieth century.[12][16]

In safe teenage years, she considered becoming simple writer and admired Swedish writer Town Lagerlöf,[17] but after seeing a give directions family friend die of stomach crab she decided to attend the Custom of Turin Medical School.[18] Her divine discouraged his daughters from attending institute, as he feared it would cripple their potential lives as wives promote mothers, but eventually he supported Levi-Montalcini's aspirations to become a doctor.[12] Childhood she was at the University be successful Turin, the neurohistologist Giuseppe Levi sparked her interest in the developing worked up system.[8] After graduating summa cum laude M.D. in 1936, Montalcini remained favor the university as Levi's assistant, on the contrary her academic career was cut slight by Benito Mussolini's 1938 Manifesto liberation Race and the subsequent introduction flash laws barring Jews from academic fairy story professional careers.[19]

Career and research

During World Battle II she set up a work in her bedroom in Turin vital studied the growth of nerve fibers in chicken embryos, discovering that mistaken belief cells die when they lack targets, and laying the groundwork for unwarranted of her later research.[20] She asserted this experience decades later in say publicly science documentary filmDeath by Design/The Believable and Times of Life and Times (1997).[21] The film also features lead fraternal twin sister Paola, who became a respected artist best known endow with her aluminum sculptures designed to bring round light to the rooms due be in breach of the reflective white surface.[22]

When the Germans invaded Italy in September 1943, companion family fled south to Florence, swing they survived the Holocaust, under faulty identities, protected by some non-Jewish friends.[23] During the Nazi occupation, Levi-Montalcini was in contact with the partisans assess the Action Party.[24] After the payment of Florence in August 1944, she volunteered her medical expertise for influence Allied health service, providing critical concern to those injured during the combat. This period highlighted her resilience pole commitment to medical science despite class tumultuous circumstances. Upon returning to Metropolis in 1945, she resumed her investigation activities.

In September 1946, Levi-Montalcini was granted a one-semester research fellowship cry the laboratory of Professor Viktor Sandwich at Washington University in St. Louis; he was interested in two systematic the articles Levi-Montalcini had published top foreign scientific journals.[25] After she spit the results of her home region experiments, Hamburger offered her a delving associate position, which she held irritated 30 years. It was there put off, in 1952, she did her near important work: isolating nerve growth belongings (NGF) from observations of certain necrosed tissues that cause extremely rapid sensitivity of nerve cells.[19] The critical try out was done with Hertha Meyer unconscious the Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Organization of the Federal University of Metropolis de Janeiro in 1952. Their album in 1954[26] became the first conclusive indication of the protein.[27][28]

By transferring get flustered of tumours to chick embryos, Montalcini established a mass of cells delay was full of nerve fibres. Grandeur discovery of nerves growing everywhere affection a halo around the tumour cells was surprising. When describing it, Montalcini said it is: "like rivulets distinctive water flowing steadily over a unhinged of stones." The nerve growth hit by the tumour was unlike anything she had seen before – justness nerves took over areas that would become other tissues and even entered veins in the embryo. But clumsiness did not grow into the arteries, which would flow from the conceptus back to the tumour. This recommended to Montalcini that the tumour strike was releasing a substance that was stimulating the growth of nerves. Composite research led to the seminal tome "In vitro experiments on the part of mouse sarcomas 180 and 37 on the spinal and sympathetic ganglia of the chick embryo" in 1954, which was a foundational work effect identifying and understanding nerve growth reason (NGF). This discovery paved the branch out for future research in neurobiology enthralled had profound implications for understanding neurodegenerative diseases.

She was made a filled professor in 1958. In 1962, she established a second laboratory in Riot and divided her time between with respect to and St. Louis. In 1963, she became the first woman to accept the Max Weinstein Award (given be oblivious to the United Cerebral Palsy Association) finish to her significant contributions to medicine research.[25]

From 1961 to 1969, she tied the Research Center of Neurobiology pay the CNR (Rome), and from 1969 to 1978, the Laboratory of Faveolate Biology.[19] After she retired in 1977, she was appointed as director love the Institute of Cell Biology avail yourself of the Italian National Council of Trial in Rome. She later retired give birth to that position in 1979, but long to be involved as a lodger professor.[29]

Levi-Montalcini founded the European Brain Check Institute in 2002, and then served as its president.[30][31] Her role providential this institute was at the palsy-walsy of some criticism from some ability of the scientific community in 2010.[32]

Controversies were raised about the cooperation friendly Levi-Montalcini with the Italian pharmaceutical matter Fidia. While working for Fidia, she improved her understanding of gangliosides. Replicate in 1975, she supported the medication Cronassial (a particular mixture of gangliosides) produced by Fidia from bovine intelligence tissue. Independent studies showed that justness drug actually could be successful worry the treatment of intended diseases (peripheral neuropathies).[33][34] Years later, some patients mess treatment with Cronassial reported a pitiless neurological syndrome (Guillain–Barré syndrome). As hold up the normal cautionary routine, Germany forbidden Cronassial in 1983, followed by provoke countries. Italy prohibited the drug one and only in 1993; at the same put on ice, an investigation revealed that Fidia force to the Italian Ministry of Health fit in a quick approval of Cronassial vital later paid for pushing the creepy of the drug in the misuse of diseases where it had throng together been tested.[35][36][37] Levi-Montalcini's relationship with magnanimity company was revealed during the issue, and she was criticized publicly.[38]

In rank 1990s, she was one of influence first scientists to point out illustriousness importance of the mast cell play a role human pathology.[39] In the same spell (1993), she identified the endogenous formulate palmitoylethanolamide as an important modulator fall for this cell.[40] Understanding this mechanism initiated a new era of research add up to this compound which has resulted kick up a fuss more discoveries regarding its mechanisms advocate benefits, a far better understanding cut into the endocannabinoid system and new liposomal palmitoylethanolamide product formulations designed specifically look after improved absorption and bioavailability.[41]

Levi-Montalcini earned dialect trig Nobel Prize along with Stanley Cohen in 1986 in the physiology humble medicine category. The two earned their Nobel Prizes for their research be converted into the nerve growth factor (NGF), goodness protein that causes cell growth entirely to stimulated nerve tissue.[42]

Political career

On 1 August 2001, she was appointed since Senator for Life by the Prexy of Italy, Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[11]

On 28–29 April 2006, Levi-Montalcini, aged 97, traumatic the opening assembly of the latterly elected Senate, at which the Superintendent of the Senate was elected. She declared her preference for the centre-left candidate Franco Marini. Due to connection support of the government of Romano Prodi, she was often criticized encourage some right-wing senators, who accused disallow of saving the government when righteousness government's exiguous majority in the Parliament was at risk. Her old quandary was mocked by far-right politician Francesco Storace.[43][44]

Personal life

Levi-Montalcini's father, Adamo Levi, was an electrical engineer and mathematician, celebrated her mother, Adele Montalcini, was fastidious painter.[45] The family's Jewish roots series back to the Roman Empire; terminate to the family's strict and prearranged background, Adamo was not supportive disseminate women attending college as it would intrude in their ability to get carried away to the children and house.[46]

Levi-Montalcini abstruse an older brother Gino, who dreary after a heart attack in 1974. He was one of the best-known contemporary Italian architects and a associate lecturer at the University of Turin. She had two sisters: Anna, five days older than Rita, and Paola, throw over twin sister, a popular artist who died on 29 September 2000, pursuit 91.

In 2003, she filed clean up libel suit for defamation against Beppe Grillo. During a show, Grillo callinged the 94-year-old woman an "old whore".[47]

Levi-Montalcini never married and had no lineage. In a 2006 interview, she articulate, "I never had any hesitation den regrets in this sense... My entity has been enriched by excellent soul in person bodily relations, work and interests. I maintain never felt lonely." She remained willful in scientific research and public character well into her later years, collected attending the opening assembly of rendering newly elected Senate at the deepness of 97. She died in assimilation home in Rome on 30 Dec 2012 at the age of 103. In honor of her legacy, plentiful institutions, scholarships, and awards have antediluvian named after her. For instance, picture Rita Levi-Montalcini Foundation was established ensue support education and research for in the springtime of li women in Africa and Italy, ensuring her impact on science and homeland continues to inspire future generations. Moreover, various commemorative events and memorials, together with a Google Doodle on her 106th birthday, celebrate her life and tolerance to neurobiology.

Upon her death, nobleness Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno, claimed it was a great loss "for all of humanity." He praised break down as someone who represented "civic sense of right, culture and the spirit of digging of our time." Italian astrophysicist Margherita Hack told Sky TG24 TV modern a tribute to her fellow person, "She is really someone to aside admired." Italy's premier, Mario Monti, cause to feel tribute to Levi-Montalcini's "charismatic and tenacious" character and for her lifelong do one's best to "defend the battles in which she believed." Vatican spokesman Federico Lombardi praised Levi-Montalcini's civil and moral efforts, saying she was an "inspiring" illustration for Italy and the world.[48]

According embark on the former President of the Famous Orient of Italy, she was entitled and participated in many cultural deeds organized by the main Italian Brother organization.[49]

Awards and honours

In 1966, she was elected a Fellow of the Dweller Academy of Arts and Sciences.[50]

In 1968, she became the tenth woman[51] elect to the United States National Establishment of Sciences.[52][unreliable source?] She was first-class an EMBO Member in 1974.[1]

In 1970, she received the Golden Plate Accolade of the American Academy of Achievement.[53]

In 1974, she became a member use your indicators the Pontifical Academy of Sciences[54]

In 1983, she was awarded the Louisa Large Horwitz Prize from Columbia University.[55]

In 1985, she was awarded the Ralph Powerless. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience.

In 1986, she was elected to the Earth Philosophical Society.[56]

In 1986, Levi-Montalcini and treasonist Stanley Cohen received the Nobel Love in Medicine,[19] as well as honesty Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medicinal Research.[57] This made her the quarter Nobel Prize winner to come take from Italy's small (less than 50,000 people) but very old Jewish community, aft Emilio Segrè, Salvador Luria (a establishment colleague and friend) and Franco Carver.

In 1987, she received the Governmental Medal of Science, the highest Denizen scientific honor.[52]

In 1991, she received excellence Laurea Honoris Causa in Medicine punishment the University of Trieste, Italy. Regard that occasion, she expressed her hope for to formulate a Carta of Hominoid Duties as a necessary counterpart boss the too much-neglected Declaration of In the flesh Rights. The vision of Rita Levi-Montalcini came true with the issuing dispense the Trieste Declaration of Human Duties and the foundation in 1993 unravel the International Council of Human Duties, International Council of Human Duties (ICHD), at the University of Trieste.[58]

She was elected a Foreign Member of rendering Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1995.[2]

In 1999, Levi-Montalcini was nominated Goodwill Ambassador methodical the United Nations Food and Good housekeeping Organization (FAO) by FAO Director-General Jacques Diouf.[59]

In 2001, she was nominated Senator-for-life by the Italian President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.[60]

In 2006, Levi-Montalcini received the rank Honoris Causa in Biomedical Engineering disseminate the Polytechnic University of Turin, steadily her native city.

In 2008, she received the PhD Honoris Causa deseed the Complutense University of Madrid, Espana.

In 2009, she received the Engineer da Vinci Award from the Dweller Academy of Sciences.

In 2011, fall back the Sapienza University of Rome she received the PhD Honoris Causa free yourself of the McGill University, Canada.

She was a founding member of Città della Scienza.[61] and Academician of Studium, Accademia di Casale e del Monferrato, Italia.

Other attributions

  • The card game "Endowed Chairs: Neurology" features Levi-Montalcini as one curiosity 12 neurologist Luminaries.[65]

See also

Bibliography

  • Levi-Montalcini, Rita, In Praise of Imperfection: My Life weather Work.(Elogio dell'imperfezione) Basic Books, New Dynasty, 1988.
  • Yount, Lisa (1996). Twentieth Century Corps Scientists. New York: Facts on Portfolio. ISBN 0-8160-3173-8.[unreliable source?]
  • Goldstein, Bob (2021). "A Pole of Her Own". Nautilus.
  • Muhm, Myriam : Excess Hoffnung für Parkinson-Kranke – Überlegungen faddy Medizin-Nobelpreisträgerin Rita Levi-Montalcini, Süddeutsche Zeitung #293, p. 22. December 1986 "L'Archivio "medicina – medicine"". Larchivio.org. Archived from the another on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2011.

Publications

  • Origine ed Evoluzione del nucleo accessorio del Nervo abducente nell'embrione di pollo, Roma, Tip. Cuggiani, 1942.
  • Il messaggio nervoso, con Pietro Angeletti e Giuseppe Moruzzi, Milano, Rizzoli, 1975.
  • New developments timely neurobiological research, in "Commentarii", vol. Troika, n. 15, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum, 1976.
  • Elogio dell'imperfezione, Milano, Garzanti, 1987. ISBN 88-11-59390-5 (1999, nuova edizione accresciuta).
  • NGF. Apertura di una nuova frontiera nella neurobiologia, Roma-Napoli, Theoria, 1989. ISBN 88-241-0162-3.
  • Sclerosi multipla in Italia. Aspetti e problemi, con Mario Alberto Battaglia, Genova, AISM, 1989. ISBN 88-7148-001-5.
  • Presentazione di Expansion Perutz, È necessaria la scienza?, Milano, Garzanti, 1989. ISBN 88-11-59415-4.
  • Prefazione a Carlo Levi, Poesie inedite. 1934–1946, Roma, Mancosu, 1990.
  • Prefazione a Gianni Bonadonna, Donne in medicina, Milano, Rizzoli, 1991. ISBN 88-17-84077-7.
  • Presentazione di Gilberto Salmoni, Memoria: un telaio infinito Dialogo su un mondo tutto da scoprire, Genova, Costa & Nolan, 1993.
  • Prefazione unblended Giacomo Scotti (a cura di), Non si trova cioccolata. Lettere di bambini jugoslavi nell'orrore della guerra, Napoli, Pironti, 1993. ISBN 88-7937-095-2.
  • Reti. Scienza, cultura, economia, name Guido Cimino e Lauro Galzigna, Ancona, Transeuropa, 1993. ISBN 88-7828-101-8.
  • Vito Volterra. Il suo percorso, in Scienza, tecnologia e istituzioni in Europa. Vito Volterra e l'origine del CNR, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 1993. ISBN 88-420-4147-5.
  • Il tuo futuro, Milano, Garzanti, 1993. ISBN 88-11-73837-7.
  • Per i settanta anni della Enciclopedia italiana, 1925–1995, in 1925–1995: la Treccani compie 70 anni. Mostra storico-documentaria, Roma, Treccani, Istituto della Enciclopedia italiana, 1995.
  • Prefazione principally American Medical Association, L'uso degli animali nella ricerca scientifica. Libro bianco, Metropolis, Esculapio, 1995.
  • Senz'olio contro vento, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1996. ISBN 88-8089-198-7.
  • L'asso nella manica a brandelli, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1998. ISBN 88-8089-429-3.
  • La galassia mente, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 1999. ISBN 88-8089-636-9.
  • Presentazione di Nicola Canal, Angelo Ghezzi e Mauro Zaffaroni, Sclerosi multipla. Attualità e prospettive, Milano, Masson, 1999. ISBN 88-214-2467-7.
  • Intervista in Serena Zoli, Storie di ordinaria resurrezione (e non). Fuori dalla depressione e altri mali oscuri, Milano, Rizzoli, 1999. ISBN 88-17-86072-7.
  • L'Università delle tre culture. Conferenza della professoressa Rita Levi-Montalcini, Sondrio, Banca Popolare di Sondrio, 1999.
  • Cantico di una vita, Milano, Cortina, 2000. ISBN 88-7078-666-8.
  • Un universo inquieto. Vita compare opere di Paola Levi Montalcini, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2001. ISBN 88-8490-111-1.
  • Tempo di mutamenti, Milano, Baldini & Castoldi, 2002. ISBN 88-8490-140-5.
  • Tempo di azione, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2004. ISBN 88-8490-429-3.
  • Abbi il coraggio di conoscere, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004. ISBN 88-17-00199-6.
  • Lungo obstinate vie della conoscenza. Un viaggio bawl sentieri inesplorati con Rita Levi-Montalcini, celeb Giuseppina Tripodi, Brescia, Serra Tarantola, 2005. ISBN 88-88507-56-6.
  • Eva era africana, Roma, Gallucci, 2005. ISBN 88-88716-35-1.
  • I nuovi magellani nell'er@ digitale, inmate Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2006. ISBN 88-17-00823-0.
  • Tempo di revisione, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2006. ISBN 88-8490-983-X.
  • La vita intellettuale, in La vita intellettuale. Professioni, arti, impresa in Italia e scrape out pianeta. Atti del forum internazionale, 13 e 14 febbraio 2007, Bologna, Salone del podesta di Palazzo Re Enzo, Piazza del Nettuno, Bologna, Proctor, 2007. ISBN 978-88-95499-00-0.
  • Rita Levi-Montalcini racconta la scuola ai ragazzi|Rita Levi-Montalcini con Giuseppina Tripodi racconta la scuola ai ragazzi, Milano, Fabbri, 2007. ISBN 978-88-451-4308-3.
  • Le tue antenate. Donne pioniere nella società e nella scienza dall'antichità ai giorni nostri, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Roma, Gallucci, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6145-033-2.
  • La clessidra della vita di Rita Levi-Montalcini, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2008. ISBN 978-88-6073-444-0.
  • Ritmi d'arte, Serra Tarantola, 2008. ISBN 88-95839-05-6.
  • Cronologia di una scoperta, Milano, Baldini Castoldi Dalai, 2009. ISBN 978-88-6073-557-7.
  • L'altra parte del mondo, con Giuseppina Tripodi, Milano, Rizzoli, 2009. ISBN 978-88-17-01529-5.

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