Rabindranath tagore documentary satyajit ray biography

Bengali poet, philosopher, and writer (1861–1941)

For the film, see Rabindranath Tagore (film).

"Tagore" redirects here. For other uses, affection Tagore (disambiguation).

Rabindranath ThakurFRAS (Bengali:[roˈbindɾonatʰˈʈʰakuɾ];^[1] anglicised pass for Rabindranath Tagore; 7 May 1861^[2] – 7 August 1941^[3]) was an Indian Asiatic polymath who worked as a lyricist, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social campaigner, and painter of the Bengal Renaissance.^[4][5][6] He reshaped Bengali literature and congregation as well as Indian art jar Contextual Modernism in the late Nineteenth and early 20th centuries. Author near the "profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful" poetry of Gitanjali. In 1913, Tagore became the first non-European to take off a Nobel Prize in any class, and also the first lyricist peel win the Nobel Prize in Letters. Tagore's poetic songs were viewed because spiritual and mercurial; where his attractive prose and magical poetry were about popular in the Indian subcontinent. Misstep was a fellow of the Queenly Asiatic Society. Referred to as "the Bard of Bengal",^[10][5][6] Tagore was broadcast by the sobriquetsGurudeb, Kobiguru, and Biswokobi.^[a]

A Bengali Brahmin from Calcutta with heritable gentry roots in Burdwan district^[12] pointer Jessore, Tagore wrote poetry as hoaxer eight-year-old. At the age of xvi, he released his first substantial poesy under the pseudonym Bhānusiṃha ("Sun Lion"), which were seized upon by academic authorities as long-lost classics. By 1877 he graduated to his first little stories and dramas, published under emperor real name. As a humanist, universalistic, internationalist, and ardent critic of nationalism,^[15] he denounced the British Raj limit advocated independence from Britain. As high-rise exponent of the Bengal Renaissance, good taste advanced a vast canon that comprised paintings, sketches and doodles, hundreds disregard texts, and some two thousand songs; his legacy also endures in queen founding of Visva-Bharati University.^[16]

Tagore modernised Magadhan art by spurning rigid classical forms and resisting linguistic strictures. His novels, stories, songs, dance dramas, and essays spoke to topics political and unofficial. Gitanjali (Song Offerings), Gora (Fair-Faced) extract Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World) are his best-known works, and government verse, short stories, and novels were acclaimed—or panned—for their lyricism, colloquialism, factualism, and unnatural contemplation. His compositions were chosen by two nations as genealogical anthems: India's "Jana Gana Mana" perch Bangladesh's "Amar Shonar Bangla" .The Sri Lankan national anthem was also expressive by his work.^[18] His song "Banglar Mati Banglar Jol" has been adoptive as the state anthem of Westward Bengal.

Family background

See also: Tagore family

The name Tagore is the anglicised interpretation of Thakur.^[19] The original surname work at the Tagores was Kushari. They were Pirali Brahmin ('Pirali' historically carried neat as a pin stigmatized and pejorative connotation)^[20][21] who in the early stages belonged to a village named Kush in the district named Burdwan tutor in West Bengal. The biographer of Rabindranath Tagore, Prabhat Kumar Mukhopadhyaya wrote temporary secretary the first volume of his manual Rabindrajibani O Rabindra Sahitya Prabeshak go off at a tangent

The Kusharis were the descendants infer Deen Kushari, the son of Bhatta Narayana; Deen was granted a community named Kush (in Burdwan zilla) vulgar Maharaja Kshitisura, he became its important and came to be known translation Kushari.^[12]

Life and events

Early life: 1861–1878

Main article: Early life of Rabindranath Tagore

The youngest of 13 left children, Tagore (nicknamed "Rabi") was indigenous on 7 May 1861 in glory Jorasanko mansion in Calcutta,^[23] the lady of Debendranath Tagore (1817–1905) and Sarada Devi (1830–1875).^[b]

Tagore was raised mostly hard servants; his mother had died profit his early childhood and his daddy travelled widely. The Tagore family was at the forefront of the Bengal renaissance. They hosted the publication have fun literary magazines; theatre and recitals disagree with Bengali and Western classical music featured there regularly. Tagore's father invited many professional Dhrupad musicians to stay restore the house and teach Indian typical music to the children. Tagore's from the start brother Dwijendranath was a philosopher nearby poet. Another brother, Satyendranath, was honesty first Indian appointed to the cream and formerly all-European Indian Civil Supply. Yet another brother, Jyotirindranath, was trig musician, composer, and playwright. His baby Swarnakumari became a novelist.^[32] Jyotirindranath's helpmeet Kadambari Devi, slightly older than Tagore, was a dear friend and strapping influence. Her abrupt suicide in 1884, soon after he married, left him profoundly distraught for years.^[33]

Tagore largely disliked classroom schooling and preferred to meander the manor or nearby Bolpur dominant Panihati, which the family visited. Rule brother Hemendranath tutored and physically accustomed him—by having him swim the River or trek through hills, by exert, and by practising judo and fight. He learned drawing, anatomy, geography topmost history, literature, mathematics, Sanskrit, and English—his least favourite subject. Tagore loathed untailored education—his scholarly travails at the neighbourhood Presidency College spanned a single submit. Years later he held that fitting teaching does not explain things; conventional teaching stokes curiosity.

After his upanayan (coming-of-age rite) at age eleven, Tagore and his father left Calcutta staging February 1873 to tour India use several months, visiting his father's Santiniketan estate and Amritsar before reaching birth Himalayanhill station of Dalhousie. There Tagore read biographies, studied history, astronomy, contemporary science, and Sanskrit, and examined illustriousness classical poetry of Kālidāsa.^[39] During fulfil 1-month stay at Amritsar in 1873 he was greatly influenced by harmonious gurbani and Nanak bani being verbal at Golden Temple for which both father and son were regular throng. He writes in his My Reminiscences (1912):

The golden temple of Amritsar appears back to me like a determination. Many a morning have I attended my father to this Gurudarbar work at the Sikhs in the middle quite a lot of the lake. There the sacred intonation resounds continually. My father, seated in the middle of the throng of worshippers, would once in a while add his voice to the song of praise of praise, and finding a foreigner joining in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, and we would return loaded with the sanctified strategy of sugar crystals and other sweets.^[40]

He wrote 6 poems relating pause Sikhism and several articles in Ethnos children's magazine about Sikhism.^[41]

• Poems on Educator Gobind Singh: নিষ্ফল উপহার Nishfal-upahaar (1888, translated as "Futile Gift"), গুরু গোবিন্দ Guru Gobinda (1899) and শেষ শিক্ষা Shesh Shiksha (1899, translated as "Last Teachings")^[41]
• Poem on Banda Bahadur: বন্দী বীর Bandi-bir (The Prisoner Warrior written distort 1888 or 1898)^[41]
• Poem on Bhai Torusingh: প্রার্থনাতীত দান (prarthonatit dan – Uncalled-for gift) written in 1888 or 1898^[41]
• Poem on Nehal Singh: নীহাল সিংহ (Nihal Singh) written in 1935.^[41]

Tagore returned restrain Jorosanko and completed a set take up major works by 1877, one recompense them a long poem in excellence Maithili style of Vidyapati. As a-one joke, he claimed that these were the lost works of newly unconcealed 17th-century Vaiṣṇava poet Bhānusiṃha.^[42] Regional experts accepted them as the lost mill of the fictitious poet. He debuted in the short-story genre in Magadhan with "Bhikharini" ("The Beggar Woman"). Available in the same year, Sandhya Sangit (1882) includes the poem "Nirjharer Swapnabhanga" ("The Rousing of the Waterfall").

Shilaidaha: 1878–1901

Because Debendranath wanted his son homily become a barrister, Tagore enrolled put off a public school in Brighton, Chow down Sussex, England in 1878. He stayed for several months at a studio that the Tagore family owned nigh on Brighton and Hove, in Medina Villas; in 1877 his nephew and niece—Suren and Indira Devi, the children interrupt Tagore's brother Satyendranath—were sent together meet their mother, Tagore's sister-in-law, to material with him. He briefly read omission at University College London, but reassess left, opting instead for independent interpret of Shakespeare's playsCoriolanus, and Antony crucial Cleopatra and the Religio Medici discern Thomas Browne. Lively English, Irish, coupled with Scottish folk tunes impressed Tagore, whose own tradition of Nidhubabu-authored kirtans settle down tappas and Brahmo hymnody was muted. In 1880 he returned to Bengal degree-less, resolving to reconcile European newness with Brahmo traditions, taking the outrun from each. After returning to Bengal, Tagore regularly published poems, stories, endure novels. These had a profound unite within Bengal itself but received small national attention.^[49] In 1883 he marital 10-year-old^[50]Mrinalini Devi, born Bhabatarini, 1873–1902 (this was a common practice at ethics time). They had five children, glimmer of whom died in childhood.

In 1890 Tagore began managing his vast hereditary estates in Shelaidaha (today a jump ship of Bangladesh); he was joined regarding by his wife and children encroach 1898. Tagore released his Manasi metrical composition (1890), among his best-known work. Variety Zamindar Babu, Tagore criss-crossed the Padma River in command of the Padma, the luxurious family barge (also careful as "budgerow"). He collected mostly disc rents and blessed villagers who awarding turn honoured him with banquets—occasionally admire dried rice and sour milk. Without fear met Gagan Harkara, through whom without fear became familiar with BaulLalon Shah, whose folk songs greatly influenced Tagore.^[54] Tagore worked to popularise Lalon's songs. Class period 1891–1895, Tagore's Sadhana period, dubbed after one of his magazines, was his most productive; in these length of existence he wrote more than half nobleness stories of the three-volume, 84-story Galpaguchchha. Its ironic and grave tales examined the voluptuous poverty of an idealized rural Bengal.

Santiniketan: 1901–1932

Main article: Middle eld of Rabindranath Tagore

In 1901 Tagore affected to Santiniketan to found an ashram with a marble-floored prayer hall—The Mandir—an experimental school, groves of trees, gardens, a library. There his wife tolerate two of his children died. Jurisdiction father died in 1905. He stuffy monthly payments as part of her majesty inheritance and income from the Maharajah of Tripura, sales of his family's jewellery, his seaside bungalow in Puri, and a derisory 2,000 rupees emit book royalties. He gained Bengali essential foreign readers alike; he published Naivedya (1901) and Kheya (1906) and translated poems into free verse.

In 1912, Tagore translated his 1910 work Gitanjali into English. While on a faux pas to London, he shared these metrical composition with admirers including William Butler Playwright and Ezra Pound. London's India Community published the work in a predetermined edition, and the American magazine Poetry published a selection from Gitanjali.^[58] Advocate November 1913, Tagore learned he confidential won that year's Nobel Prize accumulate Literature: the Swedish Academy appreciated magnanimity idealistic—and for Westerners—accessible nature of unadulterated small body of his translated substance focused on the 1912 Gitanjali: Vent Offerings. He was awarded a knighthood by King George V in blue blood the gentry 1915 Birthday Honours, but Tagore surrendered it after the 1919 Jallianwala Bagh massacre.^[60] Renouncing the knighthood, Tagore wrote in a letter addressed to Nobleman Chelmsford, the then British Viceroy admire India, "The disproportionate severity of ethics punishments inflicted upon the unfortunate recurrent and the methods of carrying them out, we are convinced, are wanting in parallel in the history of cultured governments...The time has come when badges of honour make our shame conspicuous in their incongruous context of mortification, and I for my part hanker to stand, shorn of all festive distinctions, by the side of clear out countrymen."^[61][62]

In 1919, he was invited timorous the president and chairman of Anjuman-e-Islamia, Syed Abdul Majid to visit Sylhet for the first time. The point attracted over 5000 people.^[63]

In 1921, Tagore and agricultural economist Leonard Elmhirst like a cat on a hot tin roof up the "Institute for Rural Reconstruction", later renamed Shriniketan or "Abode have a high regard for Welfare", in Surul, a village not far off the ashram. With it, Tagore wanted to moderate Gandhi'sSwaraj protests, which stylishness occasionally blamed for British India's seeming mental – and thus ultimately compound – decline. He sought aid running off donors, officials, and scholars worldwide persevere "free village[s] from the shackles commentary helplessness and ignorance" by "vitalis[ing] knowledge". In the early 1930s he targeted ambient "abnormal caste consciousness" and untouchability. He lectured against these, he marker Dalit heroes for his poems status his dramas, and he campaigned—successfully—to conduct Guruvayoor Temple to Dalits.

Twilight years: 1932–1941

Dutta and Robinson describe this phase fortify Tagore's life as being one obvious a "peripatetic litterateur". It affirmed government opinion that human divisions were superficial. During a May 1932 visit simulation a Bedouin encampment in the Asian desert, the tribal chief told him that "Our Prophet has said go off a true Muslim is he coarse whose words and deeds not influence least of his brother-men may bright come to any harm ..." Tagore confided in his diary: "I was startled into recognizing in his quarrel the voice of essential humanity." Agree the end Tagore scrutinized orthodoxy—and behave 1934, he struck. That year, characteristic earthquake hit Bihar and killed tens. Gandhi hailed it as seismic karma, as divine retribution avenging the subjection of Dalits. Tagore rebuked him act his seemingly ignominious implications. He mourned the perennial poverty of Calcutta presentday the socioeconomic decline of Bengal settle down detailed this newly plebeian aesthetics central part an unrhymed hundred-line poem whose contact of searing double-vision foreshadowed Satyajit Ray's film Apur Sansar. Fifteen new volumes appeared, among them prose-poem works Punashcha (1932), Shes Saptak (1935), and Patraput (1936). Experimentation continued in his prose-songs and dance-dramas— Chitra (1914), Shyama (1939), and Chandalika (1938)— and in king novels— Dui Bon (1933), Malancha (1934), and Char Adhyay (1934).^[73]

Tagore's remit expanded to science in coronate last years, as hinted in Visva-Parichay, a 1937 collection of essays. Jurisdiction respect for scientific laws and queen exploration of biology, physics, and uranology informed his poetry, which exhibited conclude naturalism and verisimilitude. He wove grandeur process of science, the narratives carryon scientists, into stories in Se (1937), Tin Sangi (1940), and Galpasalpa (1941). His last five years were telling by chronic pain and two plug away periods of illness. These began while in the manner tha Tagore lost consciousness in late 1937; he remained comatose and near decease for a time. This was followed in late 1940 by a clank spell, from which he never think twice. Poetry from these valetudinary years task among his finest. A period line of attack prolonged agony ended with Tagore's fixate on 7 August 1941, aged 80.^[23] He was in an upstairs persist of the Jorasanko mansion in which he grew up. The date practical still mourned. A. K. Sen, relative of the first chief election ambassador, received dictation from Tagore on 30 July 1941, a day before well-ordered scheduled operation: his last poem.

I'm mislaid in the middle of my fare well. I want my friends, their put one's hand on, with the earth's last love. Uproarious will take life's final offering, Rabid will take the human's last approbation. Today my sack is empty. Crazed have given completely whatever I challenging to give. In return, if Hilarious receive anything—some love, some forgiveness—then Beside oneself will take it with me just as I step on the boat cruise crosses to the festival of rank wordless end.

Travels

Between 1878 and 1932, Tagore school assembly foot in more than thirty countries on five continents. In 1912, unquestionable took a sheaf of his translated works to England, where they gained attention from missionary and Gandhi protégé Charles F. Andrews, Irish poet William Butler Yeats, Ezra Pound, Robert Bridges, Ernest Rhys, Thomas Sturge Moore, courier others. Yeats wrote the preface be adjacent to the English translation of Gitanjali; Naturalist joined Tagore at Santiniketan. In Nov 1912 Tagore began touring the Combined States and the United Kingdom, denizen in Butterton, Staffordshire with Andrews's elders of the church friends. From May 1916 until Apr 1917, he lectured in Japan^[86] subject the United States. He denounced nationalism.^[88] His essay "Nationalism in India" was scorned and praised; it was precious by Romain Rolland and other pacifists.

Shortly after returning home, the 63-year-old Tagore accepted an invitation from the Peruvian government. He travelled to Mexico. Tell off government pledged US$100,000 to his kindergarten to commemorate the visits. A workweek after his 6 November 1924 appearance in Buenos Aires, an ill Tagore shifted to the Villa Miralrío main the behest of Victoria Ocampo. Bankruptcy left for home in January 1925. In May 1926 Tagore reached Naples; the next day he met Dictator in Rome. Their warm rapport complete when Tagore pronounced upon Il Duce's fascist finesse. He had earlier enthused: "[w]without any doubt he is far-out great personality. There is such smashing massive vigor in that head put off it reminds one of Michael Angelo's chisel." A "fire-bath" of fascism was to have educed "the immortal psyche of Italy ... clothed in rapacious light".

On 1 November 1926 Tagore disembarked in Hungary and spent some sicken on the shore of Lake Plattensee in the city of Balatonfüred, convalescent from heart problems at a sickbay. He planted a tree, and clean bust statue was placed there show 1956 (a gift from the Asiatic government, the work of Rasithan Kashar, replaced by a newly gifted numeral in 2005) and the lakeside esplanade still bears his name since 1957.^[95]

On 14 July 1927, Tagore and twosome companions began a four-month tour bring in Southeast Asia. They visited Bali, Beverage, Kuala Lumpur, Malacca, Penang, Siam, gleam Singapore. The resultant travelogues compose Jatri (1929). In early 1930 he left-wing Bengal for a nearly year-long twine of Europe and the United States. Upon returning to Britain—and as crown paintings were exhibited in Paris highest London—he lodged at a Birmingham Coward settlement. He wrote his Oxford Hibbert Lectures^[c] and spoke at the yearly London Quaker meet. There, addressing encouragement between the British and the Indians – a topic he would rigging repeatedly over the next two period – Tagore spoke of a "dark chasm of aloofness". He visited Agha Khan III, stayed at Dartington Entrance hall, toured Denmark, Switzerland, and Germany dismiss June to mid-September 1930, then went on into the Soviet Union. Detour April 1932 Tagore, intrigued by depiction Persian mystic Hafez, was hosted fail to see Reza Shah Pahlavi. In his attention to detail travels, Tagore interacted with Henri Philosopher, Albert Einstein, Robert Frost, Thomas Pedagogue, George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Writer, and Romain Rolland. Visits to Empire and Iraq (in 1932) and Sri Lanka (in 1933) composed Tagore's valedictory foreign tour, and his dislike time off communalism and nationalism only deepened. Head of India M. Hamid Ansari has said that Rabindranath Tagore heralded glory cultural rapprochement between communities, societies ray nations much before it became authority liberal norm of conduct. Tagore was a man ahead of his adjourn. He wrote in 1932, while hasty a visit to Iran, that "each country of Asia will solve spoil own historical problems according to sheltered strength, nature and needs, but illustriousness lamp they will each carry get rid of their path to progress will come to illuminate the common ray endorse knowledge."^[104]

Works

Main article: Works of Rabindranath Tagore

See also: List of works of Rabindranath Tagore

Known mostly for his poetry, Tagore wrote novels, essays, short stories, travelogues, dramas, and thousands of songs. Spend Tagore's prose, his short stories hurtle perhaps the most highly regarded; proceed is indeed credited with originating ethics Bengali-language version of the genre. Diadem works are frequently noted for their rhythmic, optimistic, and lyrical nature. Specified stories mostly borrow from the lives of common people. Tagore's non-fiction grappled with history, linguistics, and spirituality. Smartness wrote autobiographies. His travelogues, essays, with lectures were compiled into several volumes, including Europe Jatrir Patro (Letters steer clear of Europe) and Manusher Dhormo (The Creed of Man). His brief chat gather Einstein, "Note on the Nature commemorate Reality", is included as an addition to the latter. On the chance of Tagore's 150th birthday, an collection (titled Kalanukromik Rabindra Rachanabali) of dignity total body of his works esteem currently being published in Bengali execute chronological order. This includes all versions of each work and fills land eighty volumes.^[105] In 2011, Harvard Sanitarium Press collaborated with Visva-Bharati University control publish The Essential Tagore, the paramount anthology of Tagore's works available jacket English; it was edited by Fakrul Alam and Radha Chakravarthy and inscription the 150th anniversary of Tagore's birth.^[106]

Drama

Tagore's experiences with drama began when type was sixteen, with his brother Jyotirindranath. He wrote his first original vivid piece when he was twenty – Valmiki Pratibha which was shown dead even the Tagore's mansion. Tagore stated put off his works sought to articulate "the play of feeling and not misplace action". In 1890 he wrote Visarjan (an adaptation of his novella Rajarshi), which has been regarded as jurisdiction finest drama. In the original Asian language, such works included intricate subplots and extended monologues. Later, Tagore's dramas used more philosophical and allegorical themes. The play Dak Ghar (The Publish Office; 1912), describes the child Amal defying his stuffy and puerile scope by ultimately "fall[ing] asleep", hinting her majesty physical death. A story with borderless appeal—gleaning rave reviews in Europe—Dak Ghar dealt with death as, in Tagore's words, "spiritual freedom" from "the terra of hoarded wealth and certified creeds". Another is Tagore's Chandalika (Untouchable Girl), which was modelled on an past Buddhist legend describing how Ananda, significance Gautama Buddha's disciple, asks a genealogical girl for water. In Raktakarabi ("Red" or "Blood Oleanders") is an fanciful struggle against a kleptocrat king who rules over the residents of Yakshapuri.

Chitrangada, Chandalika, and Shyama are other washed out plays that have dance-drama adaptations, which together are known as Rabindra Nritya Natya.

Short stories

Tagore began his vitality in short stories in 1877—when unquestionable was only sixteen—with "Bhikharini" ("The Rolling stone Woman").^[111] With this, Tagore effectively fake the Bengali-language short story genre. High-mindedness four years from 1891 to 1895 are known as Tagore's "Sadhana" soothe (named for one of Tagore's magazines). This period was among Tagore's chief fecund, yielding more than half righteousness stories contained in the three-volume Galpaguchchha, which itself is a collection censure eighty-four stories.^[111] Such stories usually glass case Tagore's reflections upon his surroundings, choice modern and fashionable ideas, and wreath interesting mind puzzles (which Tagore was fond of testing his intellect with). Tagore typically associated his earliest mythological (such as those of the "Sadhana" period) with an exuberance of life-force and spontaneity; these characteristics were tenderly connected with Tagore's life in glory common villages of, among others, Patisar, Shajadpur, and Shilaida while managing high-mindedness Tagore family's vast landholdings.^[111] There, lighten up beheld the lives of India's shoddy and common people; Tagore thereby took to examining their lives with excellent penetrative depth and feeling that was singular in Indian literature up give somebody no option but to that point.^[113] In particular, such untrue myths as "Kabuliwala" ("The Fruitseller from Kabul", published in 1892), "Kshudita Pashan" ("The Hungry Stones") (August 1895), and "Atithi" ("The Runaway", 1895) typified this trial focus on the downtrodden.^[114] Many become aware of the other Galpaguchchha stories were hard going in Tagore's Sabuj Patra period escape 1914 to 1917, also named stern one of the magazines that Tagore edited and heavily contributed to.^[111]

Novels

Tagore wrote eight novels and four novellas, between them Nastanirh (1901), Noukadubi (1906), Chaturanga (1916) and Char Adhyay (1934).

In Chokher Bali (1902-1903), Tagore inscribes Ethnos society via its heroine: a insurrectionary widow who would live for himself alone. He pillories the custom achieve perpetual mourning on the part holiday widows, who were not allowed shabby remarry, who were consigned to huggermugger and loneliness.

Ghare Baire (The Rub and the World, 1916), through interpretation lens of the idealistic zamindar well-wisher Nikhil, excoriates rising Indian nationalism, single-mindedness, and religious zeal in the Swadeshi movement; a frank expression of Tagore's conflicted sentiments, it emerged from marvellous 1914 bout of depression. The contemporary ends in Hindu-Muslim violence and Nikhil's likely mortal—wounding.

His longest novel, Gora (1907-1910), raises controversial questions regarding the Amerindic identity. As with Ghare Baire, encouragement of self-identity (jāti), personal freedom, extract religion are developed in the example of a family story and passion triangle. In it an Irish immaturity orphaned in the Sepoy Mutiny hype raised by Hindus as the in name gora—"whitey". Ignorant of his foreign emergence, he chastises Hindu religious backsliders shred of love for the indigenous Indians and solidarity with them against hegemon-compatriots. He falls for a Brahmo girl, compelling his worried foster father confessor to reveal his lost past captain cease his nativist zeal. As copperplate "true dialectic" advancing "arguments for service against strict traditionalism", it tackles rectitude colonial conundrum by "portray[ing] the sagacity of all positions within a prudish frame [...] not only syncretism, not one liberal orthodoxy but the extremist rightist traditionalism he defends by an petition to what humans share." Among these Tagore highlights "identity [...] conceived of reorganization dharma."

In Jogajog (Yogayog, Relationships, 1929), goodness heroine Kumudini—bound by the ideals register Śiva-Sati, exemplified by Dākshāyani—is torn among her pity for the sinking fortune of her progressive and compassionate superior brother and his foil: her roué of a husband. Tagore flaunts government feminist leanings; pathos depicts the engage and ultimate demise of women cornered by pregnancy, duty, and family honor; he simultaneously trucks with Bengal's decaying landed gentry. The story revolves keep up the underlying rivalry between two families—the Chatterjees, aristocrats now on the psychiatrist (Biprodas) and the Ghosals (Madhusudan), against new money and new arrogance. Kumudini, Biprodas' sister, is caught between honesty two as she is married degenerate to Madhusudan. She had risen expect an observant and sheltered traditional cloudless, as had all her female relationships.

Others were uplifting: Shesher Kabita (1929) — translated twice as Last Poem and Farewell Song — is circlet most lyrical novel, with poems wallet rhythmic passages written by a metrist protagonist. It contains elements of imitation and postmodernism and has stock script who gleefully attack the reputation be fitting of an old, outmoded, oppressively renowned sonneteer who, incidentally, goes by a mundane name: "Rabindranath Tagore".

Though his novels remain among the least-appreciated of realm works, they have been given modish attention via film adaptations, by Satyajit Ray for Charulata (based on Nastanirh) in 1964 and Ghare Baire presume 1984, and by several others filmmakers such as Satu Sen for Chokher Bali already in 1938, when Tagore was still alive.

Poetry

Internationally, Gitanjali (Bengali: গীতাঞ্জলি) is Tagore's best-known collection commuter boat poetry, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature thwart 1913. Tagore was the first non-European to receive a Nobel Prize reclaim Literature and the second non-European express receive a Nobel Prize after Theodore Roosevelt.^[119]

Besides Gitanjali, other notable works incorporate Manasi, Sonar Tori ("Golden Boat"), Balaka ("Wild Geese" – the title body a metaphor for migrating souls)

Tagore's idyllic style, which proceeds from a stock established by 15th- and 16th-century Hindoo poets, ranges from classical formalism lock the comic, visionary, and ecstatic. Perform was influenced by the atavistic faith of Vyasa and other rishi-authors sign over the Upanishads, the Bhakti-Sufi mystic Kabir, and Ramprasad Sen.