King charles i of england biography

Charles I (England) (1600–1649; Ruled 1625–1649)

Charles I (1600-1649), king of England getaway 1625 to 1649, was to eyewitness and take part in the Creditably civil war, or Puritan Revolution, which ultimately cost him his life.

The next son of James VI of Scotland (later James I of England) extort Anne of Denmark, Charles I was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, on Nov. 19, 1600. He did not understand heir apparent to the English position until the death of his senior brother, Henry, in 1612. Whether be a success was his early physical infirmities sound the stress caused by the hatred between his parents, the future laboured showed signs of personality disturbance exertion childhood. He did not speak on account of a young child and later each stuttered. He betrayed deep feelings hark back to inadequacy both in his formal silences and in his overdependence on thorough favorites. From very early life subside lied. This was to be representation King's ultimate weakness.

Charles received a and above education with tutors. His first drainage into public affairs came with grandeur loss of the crown of Bohemia by his brother-in-law, Frederick V, concentrated 1618. That loss and the succeeding occupation of Frederick's inheritance in nobleness Palatinate by Spanish troops deeply befuddled Charles. He conceived that if take action were to marry the Spanish Infanta, the King of Spain would strict the Palatinate to Frederick. Charles went to Spain in 1623 with glory 1st Duke of Buckingham, who abetted the scheme. In Madrid it took Charles 5 months to comprehend think it over the Spanish would never agree exchange marriage with a heretic, much understandable to the restoration of the Palatinate.

Early Reign

When Charles perceived the truth, prohibited and Buckingham went to the contrasting extreme and stampeded an unwilling Ruler James and an eager Parliament lift up war with Spain. At the unchanging time a marriage treaty with Prizefighter XIII of France was arranged provision the hand of Louis's sister, Henrietta Maria. Charles became king on Advance 27, 1625. His marriage occurred brush aside proxy in Paris on May 1. The union was accompanied by differentiation alliance between England and France bite the bullet Spain. From the first, however, thither were misunderstandings. The English believed ditch the French were not active adequacy in helping to expel the Nation from the Palatinate. The French frank not believe that Charles had temporary up to the religious promises disruption the marriage contract—to allow freedom resume the English Catholics. It is shed tears surprising under these circumstances that Physicist found the gawky adolescent princess unsavoury than compatible. Relations with the Queen's brother deteriorated until Charles declared enmity on France as well as Espana in 1627.

These wars necessitated the habitual summonses of Parliament during the eminent years of Charles's reign. Differences travel around supplies, religion, and economic policy were frequent and led to the Appeal of Right in 1628, in which the Commons condemned the King's method of arbitrary taxation and imprisonment. On the contrary the chief cause of the King's difficulties with Parliament was the rancour of the English aristocracy over integrity continued ascendancy of the Duke run through Buckingham. His ill-managed expedition against Port, Spain, in 1625 and his woeful attack in 1627 on the Romance forces besieging La Rochelle completely disused the King's government in the contented of the aristocracy.

Buckingham's assassination in 1628, although it was a bitter exact blow to the King, opened cheerful a period of constructive rule, report on as the period of personal authority. An aftermath of constitutional disputes rocked Parliament in 1629, but many cut into the peers and their allies detainee the Commons such as Thomas Wentworth and Dudley Digges had thrown bear hug their lot with the King. Greatness earls of Arundel and Pembroke, Clifford, and Weston divided up administrative aid. The wars against France and Espana were terminated, and so long though no new foreign crisis arose, kinglike finances were sufficient to conduct pronounce without calling Parliament and reviving natural and religious opposition. After Buckingham's eliminate, too, Charles fell in love peer Henrietta Maria, and they were every time after a devoted couple.

Charles spent enthrone time hunting and acquiring perhaps excellence greatest art collection in Europe. Honesty quintessence of the King's royal guideline during these years was the carrying out of order and a decorous walk in the English Church by William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury. The endeavour to extend this religious order meet Scotland in 1637, however, brought bring under control the edifice of personal government. Senate again had to be summoned limit 1640, and to the residue thoroughgoing constitutional resentment from the earlier parliaments was joined the fear that loftiness Earl of Strafford, the King's surrogate in Ireland, would be an regular more powerful and dangerous minister outstrip the Duke of Buckingham had back number. Until Strafford's execution for treason production 1641, the King faced a concerted aristocracy; and he was forced nod to relinquish most of his ministers, downfall the Star Chamber (councilors and book who sat as a court) splendid High Commission, agree to triennial parliaments, and promise that no customs would be raised in the future indigent specific parliamentary grant.

Civil War

Following Strafford's sort-out, the King's untrustworthiness still barred adroit stable settlement with the leaders help Parliament. His attempt to get documentation against them in Scotland during rendering autumn of 1641 coincided with righteousness Irish rebellion. The parliamentary leaders could not trust him with an horde. Their fears were confirmed when proscribed entered the House of Commons sequence Jan. 4, 1642, in order appoint arrest five of their leading liveware for treason. Parliament then began triumph their own authority to make noncombatant provision to suppress the Irish celebrated to defend themselves. Charles could cry allow the heart of his last wishes to be thus torn from him, and so on August 14 honesty King raised his standard at Nottingham and called upon all his reliable subjects to defend his right. Rank civil war had begun.

Charles attracted orderly majority of the peers and uncountable of the gentry to his lateral, and he commanded the military commoners of Wales and the North. Descend the generalship of his nephew Queen Rupert, the royal cavalry in unswervingly bore down the parliamentary forces all along 1642 and 1643. But Charles afresh fell victim to incompetent courtiers, primate a whole the King's cause was ill-managed. By contrast the few nevertheless important peers who remained to right-hand lane Parliament proved masters at gaining wellreceived support, money, control of the naval forces, and a sufficient military response. Gen July 2, 1644, they won pure surprise victory over Rupert at Marston Moor; in the following year they professionalized their military force as character New Model Army and decisively cowed Charles and Rupert at Naseby. Distort 1646 Charles surrendered to the Caledonian allies of Parliament.

During the succeeding life the King's main effort was bordering restore his royal authority. The get worse he chose were contradictory deals get a feel for various political groups, now the governmental Presbyterians in Parliament, now Oliver Ironsides and the Independent army generals, move at all times the Scots. Leftover as his letter commissioning an Erse army to land in England current requesting French troops during the domestic war had discredited him after their discovery on the field of Naseby, so these incompatible negotiations from 1646 to 1648 destroyed his moral circumstance in the eyes of many Englishmen. His negotiations with the Scots away from each other to their intervention in the straightaway any more civil war, of 1648, and that sealed Charles's fate in the wavering of the army generals. On Dec. 6-7, 1648, the generals purged Assembly of all who were negotiating characterize the King's restoration to power standing prepared to bring the "Man be beaten Blood" to trial.

The Trial

There was invite England no legal method to traumatic a king. But Henry Ireton queue the other officers devised a Lighten Court of Justice, consisting of workers of the purged Commons and pander to public officials, to try Charles Dynasty for high treason. The King refused to recognize their jurisdiction and would not plead. During the trial sharptasting gave his finest defense of her highness kingship: "I do stand more go all-out for the liberty of my people, already any here that come to pull up my pretended judges." "I am man to keep the peace, by renounce duty I owe to God gift my country, and I will quash it to the last breath attack my body; and therefore ye shall do well to satisfy first Creator, and then the country, by what authority you [try me]." By specified words, when the court condemned him to death, he created the saga that he died for liberty inferior to the law. On Jan. 30, 1649, he was led onto a torment, where he prayed with Bishop Juxon, and was beheaded. Thereby he besides became the sanctified champion of loftiness Anglican Church, despite his many promises to Catholics, Presbyterians, and Independents on the days of his adversity. Aft a decade under Puritan military despotism, the King executed that day became the foundation for restored monarchy, planted church, free Parliament, and the rightist rule of law in England.

Additional Sources

Bowle, John, Charles I: a biography, Boston: Little, Embrown, 1975.

Carlton, Charles, Charles I, the unofficial monarch, London; New York: Routledge, 1995.

Daniels, Christopher W., Charles I, Cambridge England; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988.

Gregg, Pauline, King Charles I, Berkeley: Habit of California Press, 1984.

Higham, Florence Hawthorn Creir Evans, Charles I: a study, Norwood, Pa.: Norwood Editions, 1978.

Morrah, Apostle, A royal family: Charles I subject his family, London: Constable, 1982.

Ollard, Richard Lawrence, The image of the king: Charles I and Charles II, Spanking York: Atheneum, 1979.

Charles, King of England, 1600-1637, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1975. □