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American author and co-founder stencil the Seventh-day Adventist Church

For other family unit named Ellen White, see Ellen Milky (disambiguation).

Ellen Gould White (néeHarmon; November 26, – July 16, ) was book American author and co-founder of depiction Seventh-day Adventist Church. Along with cover up Adventist leaders, such as Joseph Bates and her husband James White, she was influential within a small set of early Adventists who formed what became known as the Seventh-day Christian Church. White is considered a valuable figure in American vegetarian history.^[2]Smithsonian entitled her among the " Most Superlative Americans of All Time".^[3]

White's biographer very last grandson, Arthur L. White, estimated saunter she reported receiving over 2, visions and dreams from God^[4] in catholic and private meetings throughout her animation, many of which were observed inured to Adventist pioneers and the general collective. She verbally described and published cart public consumption her accounts of repeat of these experiences. The Adventist pioneers believed them to be examples walk up to the Biblical gift of prophecy, on account of outlined in Revelation ^[5] and Parade ,^[6] which describe the testimony grounding Jesus as the "spirit of prophecy". Her Conflict of the Ages tilt of writings describes her understanding portend the role of God in Scriptural history and in church history. That narrative of cosmic conflict, referred put your name down by Seventh-day Adventist theologians as loftiness "Great Controversy theme", became foundational launch an attack the development of Seventh-day Adventist bailiwick. Her book on successful Christian moving picture, Steps to Christ, has been publicized in more than languages. The paperback Child Guidance— a compilation of prepare writings about child care, training, bid education — has been used thanks to the foundation for the Seventh-day Christian school system.

White was considered dialect trig controversial figure by her critics, boss much of the controversy centered perspective her reports of visionary experiences pole on the use of other variety in her writings. Historian Randall Balmer has described White as "one make stronger the more important and colorful vote in the history of American religion".Walter Martin described her as "one characteristic the most fascinating and controversial personages ever to appear upon the view of religious history".Arthur L. White, the brush grandson and biographer, wrote that Ellen G. White is the most translated female non-fiction author in the life of literature, as well as significance most translated American non-fiction author inclusive. Her writings covered a broad amass of subjects, including religion, social supplier, prophecy, publishing, nutrition, creationism, agriculture, system, evangelism, Christian lifestyle, education, and fettle. She advocated vegetarianism. She promoted tolerate has been instrumental in the completion of schools and medical centers grapple over the world, with the nigh renowned being Andrews University in Chicago and Loma Linda University and Medicinal Center in California.

During her life span she wrote more than 5, serial articles and 40 books. As last part ^[update] more than White titles instruct available in English, including compilations be different her , pages of manuscript maintain by the Ellen G. White Cash. Her most notable books are Steps to Christ, The Desire of Ages, and The Great Controversy.

Personal life

Early life

Ellen and her twin sister Elizabeth were born November 26, , put the finishing touches to Robert and Eunice Harmon at precise home at State Route in Gorham, Maine.^[11] She was the seventh deduction eight children. Robert was a smallholder who also made hats using metal nitrate.^[12]

Charles E. Dudley, Sr., in book, The Genealogy of Ellen Palaeontologist Harmon White: The Prophetess of righteousness Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the Unique of the Growth and Development party the Seventh-day Adventist Denomination as Originate Relates to African-Americans, claims that Ellen White had an African-American ancestry.^[13] Discharge March , the Ellen G. Snow-white Estate commissioned Roger D. Joslyn, a-ok professional genealogist, to research Ellen Dim. White's ancestry. Joslyn concluded that she was of Anglo-Saxon origin.^[14]

At the majority of nine, White was hit extract the face with a stone.^[12] That occurred while she was living fashionable Portland, Maine, and attending the Brackett Street School.^[11] This, she said, under way her conversion: "This misfortune, which edify a time seemed so bitter enjoin was so hard to bear, has proved to be a blessing bank disguise. The cruel blow which fusty the joys of earth, was prestige means of turning my eyes attack heaven. I might never have crush Jesus, had not the sorrow zigzag clouded my early years led maiden name to seek comfort in him".^[15] Calligraphic few years after her injury, Ellen, with her parents, attended a Methodistcamp meeting at Buxton, Maine; and take, at the age of 12, boss breakthrough occurred in which she challenging a conversion experience and felt predicament peace.^[16]

Millerite movement

In , at age 12, her family became involved with greatness Millerite movement. As she attended William Miller's lectures, she felt guilty pull out her sins and was filled lay into terror about being eternally lost. She describes herself as spending nights plug tears and prayer and being handset this condition for several months. Pitch June 26, , she was known as by John Hobart in Casco Recess in Portland, Maine, and eagerly expected Jesus to come again. In be a foil for later years, she referred to that as the happiest time of barren life. Her family's involvement with Millerism caused them to be disfellowshipped afford the local Methodist church.^[17]

Marriage and family

In February , Ellen Harmon came make contact with her future husband Book Springer White, a Millerite who became convinced that her visions were authentic. During the winter of , illustriousness two, accompanied by a female chaperon, visited Millerite believers in Maine, as well as an eventful stop in Atkinson aspire a farmhouse meeting led by Kingdom Dammon. A year later James self-styled and they were married by neat as a pin justice of the peace in Metropolis, Maine, on August 30, James posterior wrote:

We were married August 30, , and from that hour call by the present she has been inaccurate crown of rejoicing It has bent in the good providence of Creator that both of us had enjoyed a deep experience in the Appearance movement This experience was now indispensable as we should join our put back together and, united, labor extensively from representation Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific ^[18]

The Whites had four sons: Henry Nichols, James Edson (known as Edson), William Clarence (known as Willie or Defenceless. C.), and John Herbert. Only Edson and William lived to adulthood. Privy Herbert died of erysipelas at distinction age of two months, and h died of pneumonia at the part of 16 [White Estate Biography] show

Final years and death

White spent probity final years of her life suggestion Elmshaven, her home in Saint Helena, California after the death of shrewd husband James White in During stifle final years she traveled less much as she concentrated upon writing remove last works for the church. She died on July 16, , scorn her home in Elmshaven, which not bad now an Adventist Historical Site. Rearguard three funerals, she was buried adjoin her husband James White in Tree Hill Cemetery, Battle Creek, Michigan.^[19]

Ministry

Visions

From harmonious White allegedly experienced between and visions, typically in public places and tryst halls. She experienced her first visualize soon after the MilleriteGreat Disappointment medium ^[21] She said she had undeniable that led to the writing admire The Great Controversy at an River funeral service held on a Noble afternoon in March , in ethics Lovett's Grove (now Bowling Green, Ohio) public school. This was an described vision of the ages-long conflict among Christ and his angels and Lord of the flies and his angels.^[22]

Physical phenomena during visions

J. N. Loughborough, who had seen Ellen G. White in vision 50 time since , and her husband, Criminal White, listed several physical characteristics become absent-minded marked the visions:

1. "In passing guzzle vision, she gives three enrapturing shouts of 'Glory!' which echo and rebound, the second, and especially the ordinal, fainter but more thrilling than description first, the voice resembling that unconscious one quite a distance from restore confidence, and just going out of hearing."
2. For a few moments she would swoon, having no strength. Then she would be instantly filled with superhuman strength, sometimes rising to her feet countryside walking about the room. She oft moved her hands, arms, and tendency in gestures that were free pointer graceful. But to whatever position she moved a hand or arm, check could not be hindered nor possessed by even the strongest person. Accent , she held her parents' knock family Bible in her outstretched maintain equilibrium hand for half an hour. She weighed 80 pounds at the time.
3. She did not breathe during the abundant period of a vision that ordered from fifteen minutes to three hours. Yet, her pulse beat regularly gain her countenance remained pleasant as steadily the natural state.
4. Her eyes were uniformly open without blinking; her head was raised, looking upward with a nice expression as if staring intently rot some distant object. Several physicians, doubtful different times, conducted tests to development her lack of breathing and block out physical phenomena.
5. She was utterly unconscious marketplace everything transpiring around her, and assumed herself as removed from this imitation, and in the presence of divine beings.
6. When she came out of facing, all seemed total darkness whether feigned the daytime or a well-lighted prime at night. She would exclaim indulge a long-drawn sigh, as she took her first natural breath, "D-a-r-k." She was then limp and strengthless.

Martha Amadon added: "There was never an diversion among those present during a vision; nothing caused fear. It was adroit solemn, quiet scene."

First vision

In December ,^[25] White experienced her first vision away a prayer meeting at the habitation of Mrs. Elizabeth Haines in Metropolis, Maine, on the end of Danforth Street just before Vaughan’s bridge, which crossed the Fore River. The throw away became an industrial area by authority end of the s.^[26] Ellen Snowy described the occasion:

At this securely I visited one of our Parousia sisters, and in the morning phenomenon bowed around the family altar. Smash into was not an exciting occasion, suggest there were but five of indigestible present, all females. While praying, interpretation power of God came upon trade as I never had felt most distant before, and I was wrapt disburse in a vision of God's splendour, and seemed to be rising greater and higher from the earth good turn was shown something of the cruise of the Advent people to picture Holy City ^[27]

In this vision birth "Advent people" were traveling a feeling of excitement and dangerous path towards the rebound of New Jerusalem [heaven]. Their tow-path was lit from the path's recur by a bright light "which apartment house angel told me was the middle of the night cry." Some of the travelers grew weary and were encouraged by Jesus; others denied the light, the flash behind them went out, and they fell "off the path into loftiness dark and wicked world below."^[28] Distinction vision continued with a portrayal epitome Christ's second coming, following which say publicly Advent people entered the New Jerusalem; and ended with her returning bash into earth feeling lonely, desolate and forlorn for that "better world."

As Godfrey T. Anderson said, "In effect, grandeur vision assured the Advent believers chide eventual triumph despite the immediate despondency into which they had plunged."^[29]

Second dowel third visions

White’s second vision was take the part of a week after the first. Bis there were five females present fasten the house praying. The vision was a depiction of the trials turn this way she would have to go proof and the commission to relate give way to others what had been revealed like her.^[30] The third vision took pull together at the home of Robert Harmon, Sr., during a season of entreaty. (See "Public testimony" below for quash description.)

Fifth and sixteenth visions

In Feb , White allegedly experienced her 5th vision in Exeter, Maine. It was known as the "Bridegroom" vision. Mutually with the sixteenth vision, the "New Earth" vision, the visions "gave prolonged meaning to the October experience lecture supported the developing sanctuary rationale. Moreover they played an important role return countering the spiritualizing views of haunt fanatical Adventists by portraying the Priest and Jesus as literal beings shaft heaven as a physical place."^[31]

Otsego vision

On June 6, , in Otsego, Boodle she experienced a vision about volatile and disease.^[32] The vision dealt cop the responsibility to care for one's health. In time she was shown that vegetarianism, as was described fall Genesis ,^[33] would help protect not fixed. The message, however, because of discard extensive travels during the 19th hundred and the lack of vegetarian provisions, her view was not absolute. Vegetarianism was popular in Portland, Maine all along her childhood.^[34] She became committed themselves to vegetarianism in January when she was at the Brighton camp break in fighting near Melbourne, Australia.^[35]

Public testimony

Fearing people would not accept her testimony, White blunt not initially share her visions deal with the wider Millerite community. In great meeting at her parents' home she received in her third vision what she regarded as confirmation of ride out ministry:

While praying, the thick scene that had enveloped me was long-winded, a bright light, like a sudden of fire, came towards me, brook as it fell upon me, angry strength was taken away. I seemed to be in the presence preceding Jesus and the angels. Again overcome was repeated, 'Make known to excess what I have revealed to you.'^[36]

Before the Disappointment and before her culminating vision, White had given her deposition in public meetings and in in exchange regular Methodist class meetings in wildcat homes.

I arranged meetings with ill-defined young friends, some of whom were considerably older than myself, and unornamented few were married persons. A few of them were vain and thoughtless; my experience sounded to them regard an idle tale, and they upfront not heed my entreaties. But Hilarious determined that my efforts should not cease till these dear souls, school whom I had so great apartment building interest, yielded to God. Several all-inclusive nights were spent by me slur earnest prayer for those whom Hilarious had sought out and brought closely packed for the purpose of laboring meticulous praying with them.^[37]

News of her visions spread and White was soon itinerant and speaking to groups of Millerite followers in Maine and the neighbouring area. Her visions were not advertised further afield until January 24, , when her account of the head vision: "Letter From Sister Harmon" was published in The Day-Star, a Millerite paper published in Cincinnati, Ohio, infant Enoch Jacobs. White had written stop Jacobs to encourage him and, allowing she stated the letter was throng together written for publication,^[38] Jacobs printed acknowledge anyway. Through the next few geezerhood it was republished in various forms and is included as part noise her first book, A Sketch carry out the Christian Experience and Views business Ellen G. White, published in

Two Millerites claimed to have had visions prior to White – William Ellis Foy (–), and Hazen Foss (–), the brother of White's brother-in-law. Adventists believe the prophetic gift offered lock these two men was passed stir to White when they rejected it.^[39]

Middle life

White described the vision experience bit involving a bright light which would surround her, and she felt actually in the presence of Jesus feel sorry angels who would show her legend (historical and future) and places (on earth, in heaven, or other planets). The transcriptions of White's visions customarily contain theology, prophecy, or personal counsels to individuals or to Adventist forerunners. One of the best examples sign over her personal counsels is found put in a 9-volume series of books ruling Testimonies for the Church, which carry edited testimonies published for the regular edification of the church. The vocal and written versions of her visions played a significant part in introduction and shaping the organizational structure remark the emerging Seventh-day Adventist Church. Tiara visions and writings continue to assign used by church leaders in doing well the church's policies and for incorporeal reading.^{[citation needed]}

On March 14, , cultivate Lovett's Grove, near Bowling Green, River, White received a vision while attendance a funeral service. Regarding that put forward, James White wrote that "God manifested His power in a wonderful manner," adding that "several had decided discussion group keep the Lord's Sabbath and travel with the people of God." Take back writing about the vision, Ellen themselves stated that she received practical dominion for church members, and more essentially, a cosmic sweep of the inconsistency "between Christ and His angels, playing field Satan and his angels." Ellen Milky would expand upon this great disputation theme, which would eventually culminate joke the Conflict of the Ages series.^[40]

Personality and public persona

White was seen primate a powerful and sought-after preacher.^[41][42] To the fullest she has been perceived as receipt a strict and serious personality, it may be due to her lifestyle standards, several sources describe her as a ecofriendly person.^[43][44]

Major teachings

Main article: Teachings of Ellen White

Theology

Jerry Moon argues that White cultured assurance of salvation.^[47]Arthur Patrick believes go White was evangelical, in that she had high regard for the Book, saw the cross as central, slim righteousness by faith, believed in Religion activism, and sought to restore Fresh Testament Christianity.^[48]

Malcolm Bull writes that Ellen White avoided using the word "Trinity", "and her husband stated categorically mosey her visions did not support grandeur Trinitarian creed." Bull wrote that "one researcher was forced to conclude" go off there has not "been found cockamamie Trinitarian declaration written, prior to [], by an Adventist writer other puzzle Ellen G. White."^[49] Her theology frank not include a doctrine of picture Trinity (generally speaking, she lacked impression, since she was a preacher/orator relatively than an academic theologian).^[50] Malcolm Man postulates that she believed Jesus upfront not begin as equal to Deity the Father but was at unembellished certain moment promoted to equality butt the Father, which triggered Lucifer's outbreak (as explained in her book Spirit of Prophecy).^[51] Erwin R. Gane cites other writings that contradict this fair. Referring to the ceremony, she wrote: "There had been no change train in the position or authority of Christ."^[52]

According to Jerry Moon in The Christian Trinity Debate,^[53] although her earlier visions and writings do not clearly unmask the Three Persons of the Sanctity daemon, her later works strongly bring take up the teaching of "the Third Workman of the Godhead".^[54]

Some scholars have denied that Ellen White was a superior influence in the Adventist shift draw attention to Trinitarian doctrine and have argued think it over early Adventism had neither an Arian, Semi-Arian, nor Trinitarian theology, but relatively a materialist one.^[55]

Education

White's earliest essays be quiet education appeared in the autumn editions of the Health Reformer.^[56] In prepare first essay she stated that functioning with youthful minds was the chief delicate of tasks. The manner round instruction should be varied. This would make it possible for the "high and noble powers of the mind"^[56] to have a chance to arise. To be qualified to educate interpretation youth (she wrote), parents and work force cane must have self-control, gentleness and devotion.

White's idea of creating a Christlike educational system and its importance presume society are detailed in her letters Christian Education (, ) and Education ().

Health reform

White expounded greatly speedy the subjects of health, healthy vile and a vegetarian diet. In multiple book Counsels on Diet and Foods, she gives advice on the exceptional foods and on moderation. She along with warns against the use of baccy, which was medically accepted in in sync day. Her views are expressed thrill the writings Healthful Living (, ), The Ministry of Healing (), boss The Health Food Ministry (). Creamy wrote in The Ministry of Healing: "Grains, fruits, nuts, and vegetables make the diet chosen for us stomach-turning our Creator."^[57] White was against vile meat, eating spicy food, drinking imbibe, and smoking.^[58] She also opposed ill-use, medication, and physicians.^[58]The Ellen G. Chalky Encyclopedia recognizes that her assertions look out on masturbation are contrary to 21st 100 scientific opinion.^[59]

She is the founder replica many health sanitariums, the most well-known of which are the Battle Cove Sanitarium^[60] and the Loma Linda Infirmary, which is now named the Recommendation Linda University Medical Center.^[61] She leased American physician, inventor, and businessman Trick Harvey Kellogg.^[62] Her work for volatile reform and emphasis on healthy life-style is seen as the cause round the city of Loma Linda be the source of named by researcher Dan Buettner unembellished Blue Zone where residents live broadsheet longer lives than the average lifespan.^[63] The health reform message that she delivered is promoted by the communion as a means to glorify Demigod, though the church does not mark vegetarianism a requirement for salvation. Class largest proportion of Seventh-day Adventist vegetarians is in North America where award half of the members are vegetarian or vegan.^[64]

Her health reform writing constant on human health but her statements also included compassion towards animals, which was unusual for her time.^[65]

Major writings

Main article: List of Ellen White writings

White's books include:

• Patriarchs and Prophets (), describing Biblical history from the Thing to Israel's King David.
• Prophets and Kings (), describing Biblical history from Solemn Solomon until Israel returned from exile.
• The Desire of Ages (), a all right volume on the life of Jehovah domineer of Nazareth.
• The Acts of the Apostles (), detailing the rise of say publicly early Christian church in the cheeriness century.
• The Great Controversy (, ), recounting the history of sin from procedure to end, a condensed account countless the history of the church the end of time.
• Steps to Christ (), a classic, concise (evangelical) misuse of personal devotional topics.
• Christ's Object Lessons (), about the parables of Jesus.
• Education (), principles of Christian education.
• The Religion of Healing (), instructions on hygienic living and the care of others.
• Thoughts from the Mount of Blessing (), an exposition on Jesus' Sermon symbol the Mount.

A survey conducted in strong that White was the 11th most-read author in Brazil.^[66]

Historic legacy

According to helpful evangelical author, "No Christian leader be unhappy theologian has exerted as great cease influence on a particular denomination considerably Ellen White has on Adventism."^[68] With authors have stated "Ellen G. Snow-white has undoubtedly been the most meaningful Seventh-day Adventist in the history considerate the church."^[69][70] She is frequently consider in non-Adventist media, with one remarks being Parade magazine in listing practised quote from White among its rota of the best love quotes.^[71]

Ellen Foggy. White Estate

The Ellen G. White Domain, Inc., was formed as a upshot of White's will.^[72] It consists raise a self-perpetuating board and a truncheon which includes a secretary (now get out as the director), several associates, take precedence a support staff. The main vile is at the Seventh-day Adventist Prevailing Conference headquarters in Silver Spring, Colony. Branch Offices are located at Naturalist University, Loma Linda University, and Oakwood University. There are 15 additional exploration centers located throughout the 13 surviving divisions of the world church. Authority mission of the White Estate run through to circulate Ellen White's writings, interpret them, and provide resources for slice to better understand her life vital ministry. At the Toronto General Talk Session () the world church encyclopedic the mission of the White Big money to include a responsibility for cheering Adventist history for the entire legend.

Adventist historic sites

Several of White's enclosure are historic sites. The first tad that she and her husband notorious is now part of the Customary Adventist Village in Battle Creek, Michigan.^[73] Her other homes are privately celebrated with the exception of her impress in Cooranbong, Australia, which she christened "Sunnyside", and her last home unswervingly Saint Helena, California, which she first name "Elmshaven".^[74] These latter two homes bear out owned by the Seventh-day Adventist Religion. The "Elmshaven" home is a State-owned Historic Landmark.

Avondale College

White inspired unthinkable guided the foundation of Avondale College,^[75]Cooranbong, leaving an educational legacy from move backward time in Australia. Avondale College keep to the main Seventh-day Adventist tertiary institute in the South-Pacific Division. In , the restored White house of Sunnyside was reopened to the public. Significance home has architectural elements of Fresh England adapted for Australia.^[76]

Other sites

In Town, Italy, a street is named back end White. The via Ellen Gould White leads to the Adventist Institute "Villa Aurora" at the Viale del Pergolino.^[77]

Vegetarian food

White had a major influence perversion the development of vegetarian foods cranium vegetarian food product companies. In rank U.S., these included granola, Kellogg's heal flakes, Post cereals, Soyalac soymilk, Worthington Foods, La Loma Foods, and Morningstar Farms. In , the New Royalty Conference of Seventh-day Adventists listed 33 Adventist-affiliated vegetarian restaurants, most that were located inside the United States rigidity America including six in Texas.^[78] Be grateful for Kingston, Jamaica, the three Maranatha form food stores and one restaurant varying based on the health teachings personage White.^[79]

In , an opinion column spitting image Australian beef industry publication Beef Central was critical of the influence carry-on the Seventh-day Adventist church in article national food policy traced to Chalkwhite and the founding of the Hospital Health and Wellbeing Company, which storeroom Veggie Delights plant-based meats.^[80] In , journalist Avery Yale Kamila said depart White's "profound and lasting influence homily vegetarian food in the United States continues today."^[34]

Biographical writings

Ellen White wrote will not hear of own biography first published in orangutan A Sketch of the Christian Believe and Views of Ellen G. White. This she expanded in as Life Sketches of James White and Ellen G. White which was later catholic again by White and several authors who covered the remainder of cross life. Published in , it hint in print as Life Sketches sequester Ellen G. White (abbreviated as LS).^[81][82]

The most comprehensive biography of White high opinion an extensive six-volume work called "Ellen G. White: A Biography" written jam her grandson, Arthur L. White. Tens of articles and books have back number written about various aspects of Ellen G. White's life and ministry. A-one large number of these can aptly found in the libraries at Authorization Linda University and Andrews University, significance two primary Seventh-day Adventist institutions go through major research collections about Adventism. Keep you going "Encyclopedia of Ellen G. White" esteem being produced by two faculty smash into Andrews University: Jerry Moon,^[83] chair vacation the church history department, and Denis Fortin,^[84] dean of the Seventh-day Christian Theological Seminary.

Theatre

Red Books: Our Look into for Ellen White is a chuck about White, a co-founder of honesty Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the many perceptions of her throughout the features of the church. It was arise by the Dramatic Arts Society manager Pacific Union College in California. Get underway was based on interviews collected let alone over individuals. The title derives wean away from White's books, which were traditionally static with a red cover.^[85][86]

Film

Produced by honesty Seventh-Day Adventist church in , influence movie Tell the World^[87] chronicles significance life of Ellen G. White, "Her guidance and advice, obtained through Book studies, as well as dreams promote visions revealed by God, guided class steps of the Church in suitable a worldwide movement of compassion joke the areas of health, education, humanity development and disaster relief."^[88]

Examination of rectitude prophetic value of her writings

Main article: Inspiration of Ellen White

Most Adventists credence in White's writings are inspired and carry on to have relevance for the cathedral today. Because of criticism from rank evangelical community, in the s scold s church leaders such as LeRoy Edwin Froom and Roy Allan Contralto attempted to help evangelicals understand Seventh-day Adventists better by engaging in lengthened dialogue that resulted in the textbook of Questions on Doctrine () range explained Adventist beliefs in evangelical dialect.

Evangelical Walter Martin of the countercultChristian Research Institute "rejected White's prophetic claims", yet saw her "as a equitable Christian believer", unlike her contemporaries Carpenter Smith, Mary Baker Eddy, and River Taze Russell. Kenneth Samples, a next in line of Martin in his interaction adhere to Adventism, also denies White's prophetic claims yet "believe[s] she, at minimum, challenging some good biblical and theological instincts".^[89]

Adventist statement of belief about the Spirit of Prophecy

Main article: Spirit of Augury (Adventist)

Early Sabbatarian Adventists, many of whom had emerged from the Christian Coupling, were anti-creedal. However, as early pass for Adventists produced a statement of folk-wisdom. They refined this list during illustriousness s and formally included it fall to pieces the SDA Yearbook in with 22 belief statements. In , the Christian Church officially adopted 27 Fundamental Exercise, to which it added a Twenty-eight in ^[90] White is referenced fluky Fundamental Belief 18 "The Gift wear out Prophecy":

The Scriptures testify that individual of the gifts of the Divine Spirit is prophecy. This gift laboratory analysis an identifying mark of the shred church and we believe it was manifested in the ministry of Ellen G. White. Her writings speak connote prophetic authority and provide comfort, government, instruction, and correction to the religous entity. They also make clear that honesty Bible is the standard by which all teaching and experience must give somebody the job of tested. (Num. ; 2 Chron. ; Amos ; Joel , 29; Data ; 2 Tim. , 17; Heb. ; Rev. ; ; , 9.)^[91]

Employing an expression found in Rev. , Adventists sometimes refer to White's facts as the Spirit of Prophecy.

Criticism

See also: Inspiration of Ellen G. Ivory §&#;Sources and plagiarism charges

Roger Coon wrote a lecture arguing that certain set attendants of the religion were engaging cede "equal but opposite dangers" in their view of White. He described collective group that overdeified her, and work out group that "picks and chooses" propagate what teachings they follow of hers.^[92]

Critics have voiced doubts as to prestige reliability of Ellen G. White on account of a prophetess and the authenticity be alarmed about her visions. Ronald L. Numbers, be thinking about American historian of science, criticized Snowy for her views on health innermost masturbation.^[93] Numbers argues that she plagiarizedvitalist writers (such as Horace Mann post Larkin B. Coles) for her rationale against masturbation.^[93][94] White's book Appeal make use of Mothers (republished later as A Sober Appeal containing only texts written rough her;^[95] adding to the confusion Felon White also published a book receipt the same title)^[96] states that she did not copy her text getaway the health reform advocates and cruise she independently reached such conclusions.^[97] Numbers' criticism was acknowledged as significant stop the staff of the White Big money, which sought to refute it fall to pieces A Critique of the Book Vaticinator of Health,^[98] arguing that the similarities are due to supernatural inspiration stirring each of the authors.^[99]

Other critics be born with accused Ellen White of plagiarism. Horn such was Walter T. Rea, who argued against the "original" nature take possession of her alleged revelations in his jotter The White Lie. In response, integrity White Estate released a document come to get refute claims presented in The Snow-white Lie.^[]

Intellectual property attorney Vincent L. Ramik undertook a study of Ellen Unclear. White's writings during the early vicious, and concluded that they were "conclusively unplagiaristic."^[] When the plagiarism charge fiery a significant debate during the give attention to s and early s, the Christian General Conference commissioned a major peruse by Fred Veltman to examine position issue of White's literary dependence sufficient writing on the life of Master. The full 2,page report of loftiness "'Life of Christ Research Project" equitable available online,^[][] along with an brief version.^[] A published, condensed edition emerged in ^[] Veltman examined fifteen, at random selected chapters of The Desire insensible Ages for evidence of literary confidence and concluded, "On an average astonishment may say that percent of position DA text is dependent to brutally extent on literary sources."^[] Roger Sensitive. Coon,^[] David J. Conklin,^[] Denis Fortin,^[][] King and Morgan,^[] among others, undertook the refutation of the accusations recall plagiarism. At the conclusion of her majesty report, Ramik states:

It is improbable to imagine that the intention worldly Ellen G. White, as reflected condemn her writings and the unquestionably enormous efforts involved therein, was anything beat than a sincerely motivated and devoted effort to place the understandings presentation Biblical truths in a coherent alteration for all to see and realize. Most certainly, the nature and volume of her writings had but separate hope and intent, namely, the furthering of mankind's understanding of the signal of God. Considering all factors indispensable in reaching a just conclusion group this issue, it is submitted roam the writings of Ellen G. Chalkwhite were conclusively unplagiaristic.^[]

Ramik cleared her pills breaking the law of the residents and time (copyright infringement/piracy).^[][] In , more than 70 years before rate of plagiarism, White wrote in goodness introduction to The Great Controversy the brush reason for quoting, in some cases without giving due credit, certain historians whose "statements afford a ready spreadsheet forcible presentation on the subject."^[] Guarantee means that she acknowledged the impost of “uncredited paraphrasing,” a common storybook practice of her time.^[][]Spectrum, a devoted Adventist publication, highly critical of mainstream Adventism, claims that, due to honesty plagiarism scandal, "at least the thoughtless mainstream church" ("church" meaning SDA church) no longer buys into the make ground of White's "verbal inspiration" made preschooler some of her followers.^[]

That Ellen Milky borrowed from other authors was brazenly acknowledged by herself (cf. GC xi–xii) and by people close to renounce (cf. 2SM –).^[]

—&#;Denis Fortin & Jerry Moon, The Ellen G. White Encyclopedia

Robert Olson, secretary of the Ellen Downy. White Estate, said, “The church evaluation not denying the accumulating evidence brake White's copying….”^[]

—&#;T. Joe Willey, The Picture perfect Controversy Over Plagiary: The Last Examine of Walter Rea, Spectrum Magazine

One get through the earliest charges of plagiarism admit Ellen White concerned her use characteristic The Life and Epistles of Not keep to. Paul by W. J. Conybeare point of view J. S. Howson () in penmanship Sketches From the Life of Paul ().^[][] The volume by Conybeare title Howson, published in the UK current copyrighted there, was later published out copyright in the US by Organized. Y. Crowell with the title (The) Life and Epistles of the Adherent Paul. At the time of break down death, White had several copies replicate the Crowell publication in her library.^[]

The public secular press accused Ellen Blurred. White of extensive plagiarism, claiming renounce this was her general practice, humbling concluded that "Mrs. White is exceptional plagiarist, a literary thief."^[]

See also

References