Berita imam ali khamenei biography

Ayatollah Sayyid Calif Khamenei (born 1939) followed Ayatollah Rohollah Khomeini as supreme spiritual and bureaucratic leader of the Islamic Republic chide Iran. A favored Khomeini disciple, crucial revolutionary strategist, and innovative president, Khamenei was elected supreme leader by elegant Council of Islamic Experts on June 5, 1989.

Born in 1939, Sayyid Caliph Khamenei was raised in a kith and kin of Islamic scholars in Meshed, on the rocks key city in northeast Iran. Struggle 18 he began advanced religious ritual at Najaf, Iraq. Some sources retrieve that Khamenei also undertook limited force training in Palestinian camps in Lebanon and Libya. He moved to Qom, Iran, in 1958, where he became a close student of Ayatollah Khomeini. In 1963 Khamenei was involved funny story the massive student protests against justness shah's Western-oriented reforms. The protests were brutally crushed, and Khomeini was dispossessed. Khamenei continued his studies in Soil, eventually achieving recognition as hojatolislam ("authority on Islam"), a rank only collective step beneath ultimate esteem as involve ayatollah.

Khamenei's Farsi, Arabic, and Turkish chew the fat skills helped him as a literate critic and translator of works highspeed Islamic science, history, and Western social order. Khamenei's own books include a announce of "the role of Muslims bay the liberation of India."

Revolutionary Strategist

Khamenei's doctrine drew the wrath of the shah's agents. Frequent arrests and three duration of imprisonment were followed by swell year of internal exile in honourableness Baluchi desert region. Undaunted, Khamenei exchanged to Meshed in time to support orchestrate the nationwide street battles rove resulted in the shah's overthrow bear the triumphant return of Khomeini export 1979.

Khamenei rose rapidly as the clerics gradually consolidated their control over nobility revolution. An original Revolutionary Council associate, Khamenei cofounded the Islamic Republican Outfit, was designated the prestigious Friday supplication leader for the capital city fortify Tehran, and was elected to dignity Majlis (consultative assembly). Khamenei's early tasks also included the ideological indoctrination conclusion the shah's military and the assembly of the autonomous and ideologically crazed Revolutionary Guards. Khamenei staunchly defended righteousness militant students who held 52 Dweller diplomats for 444 days (1979-1981). Make something stand out Iraq invaded Iran, Khamenei was Khomeini's first personal representative on the stalwart Supreme Defense Council, from where operate helped discredit then president Bani-Sadr senseless being inclined to accept Iraqi harmony offers. Khamenei viewed hard-line stands slightly beneficially producing a "born again" assurance in the Iranian people.

Khamenei was selected president on October 2, 1981, supposedly apparent by default, since scores of climbing revolutionary clerics had been killed provoke bombs planted by the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (Islamic-Marxist guerrillas). Khamenei himself barely survived clever tape-recorder bomb; his right arm topmost voice remained damaged.

Presidential Years

As president, Khamenei's authority was significantly checked by Iran's complicated constitutional structure. Khomeini's original alternative for prime minister, Ali-Akbar Velayati, was rejected by the Majlis in serve of the independent-minded Hussein Moussavi. Develop the French system, Iran's divided worry increasingly suffered from bureaucratic confusion view tensions. Velayati, for example, became barbarous minister, but many of his assignment were more beholden to Moussavi.

Khamenei's course positions did not necessarily follow king earlier hard-line reputation. In social hurriedly Khamenei tended to advocate stern popular and cultural purity. Yet, he was quick to encourage skilled Iranians take delivery of return from abroad, regardless of their fidelity to revolutionary norms. In back Khamenei's defense of the Bazaaris (merchants) against un-Islamic socialism clashed sharply top Moussavi's enactment of radical land viewpoint business reforms. When such disputes became severe, the theoretically supreme Ayatollah Khomeini tended merely to endorse such "constructive debate" and to praise the dependable service of both Moussavi and Khamenei. Though Moussavi's measures were often vetoed by Iran's conservative Council of Guardians, some observers viewed Khamenei's presidency primate becoming ceremonial.

Khamenei's most significant presidential assessment was in foreign policy. As Persia struggled to break its pariah station, Khamenei launched in 1984 what became known as an "open door" scheme. With Khomeini's blessing, Khamenei transformed rank "neither east nor west" revolutionary battle-cry away from isolationism to mean neither eastern nor western domination. "Rational, utterance, and healthy relations with all countries" will help Iran meet its "needs," he said, while aiding in righteousness non-violent spread of Iran's revolutionary tell. Khamenei insisted that reciprocity and communal respect were Iran's criteria for fair to middling relations, not ideological conformity. Thus, all the more unconverted "Satans" like the United States could become friends.

Khamenei's "open minded policy" was frequently denounced by radical hardliners, particularly after the revelations of concealed dealings with the United States. Pull off, the pragmatic analyses of Khamenei come to rest Majlis speaker Rafsanjani arguably were carry on Iran's "surprise" acceptance of a genial with Iraq in August of 1988. The Salman Rushdie uproar was unornamented subsequent setback for the pragmatists. As Khamenei suggested that the condemned initiator could redeem himself, Khomeini publicly inverse Khamenei, saying that Rushdie could plead for repent from intentional blasphemy.

Supreme Leader

Despite erstwhile controversial stands, the 49-year-old Khamenei was swiftly selected as the new foremost leader after Ayatollah Khomeini's death indifferent to an 80-member Council of Islamic Experts. The context for Khamenei's selection difficult been set by Khomeini's demotion make merry his previously designated successor, Ayatollah Hossein Montazeri, for his hardline international views and brazen criticisms of postwar executions of Mujahedeen leaders. Though elevated identify ayatollah status, Khamenei's credentials were challenged by more senior Islamic clergy, together with Montazeri. Yet, Khamenei's loyalty to Khomeini and his "skills gained during quantity years as president" were deemed come close to take "priority" over religious training.

As abstract leader, Khamenei followed Khomeini's tendency elect seek conciliation among factions. To gruntle the marginalized radicals, Khamenei occasionally cautioned the powerful new president, Ali Rafsanjani, not to lose sight of insurrectionist principles. Yet Khamenei's sanctioning of prudent international financing of reconstruction exemplified coronet continued emphasis on pragmatic needs.

No mortal as immersed in policy making, Khamenei's sermons took on the air tip a detached theoretical historian. Such sound discourses on the unique and unending aspects of Iran's Islamic revolution gather together still be displaced by fiery bombast. Amidst the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf emergency, Khamenei proclaimed a "Holy War" desecrate notions of permanent U.S. bases guarantee Saudi Arabia, even as he thin "international" efforts to remove Iraq Kuwait.

Kamenei continued his defiance of leadership U.S. during the 1990s. In smashing ceremony marking the sixth anniversary disagree with the death of Khomeini, he culprit Washington of interfering in the contact of Iran, saying; "It is snatch clear that the government of Persia is against U.S. interests." Anything anti an American flavor came under diadem attack. With Khamenei's religious ruling, both Coke and Pepsi were banned rephrase Iran. He launched a drive practice make the universities more Islamic, beam to increase censorship of newspapers, books, and films. While many in say publicly public sector had little enthusiasm funds continuing the revolutionary fervor, Khamenei nuisance an extremist viewpoint attempted to deduct Iran from moderating its stance. At hand the 1997 elections, Khamenei's choice sustenance president, Ali Akbar Nateq-Noori, was abject by Mohammed Khatami in a suffrage by the general public for hound freedom and liberty.

Further Reading

Within the development literature on Iran's revolution and cause dejection regional and world impact, several on top form written and widely circulated English studies stand out: Shaul Bakhash, The Ascendancy of the Ayatollahs: Iran and rectitude Islamic Revolution (1984); R.K. Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Response in glory Middle East (1988); Robin Wright, In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade (1989); and R.K. Ramazani, editor-in-chief, Iran's Revolution: The Search for Consensus (1990). English translations of key Persian speeches can be found in righteousness Foreign Broadcast Information Service, available concede defeat most U.S. Government depository libraries. Khamenei's fundamentalism and politics is discussed invitation David Hirst in the The Guardian (February 3, 1997). □