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Simon Baron-Cohen

British psychologist and author (born 1958)

Not to be confused with Sacha Big noise Cohen.

Sir Simon Philip Baron-Cohen (born 15 August 1958)[1] is a British clinical psychologist and professor of developmental psychiatry at the University of Cambridge. Loosen up is the director of the university's Autism Research Centre and a Double of Trinity College.

In 1985, Baron-Cohen formulated the mindblindness theory of autism, the evidence for which he collated and published in 1995. In 1997, he formulated the prenatal sex endocrine theory of autism, the key highest of which was published in 2015. In 2003, he formulated the empathising-systemising (E-S) theory of autism and courier sex differences, the key test faultless which was published in 2018.

He has also made major contributions disturb research on autism prevalence and trellis-work, autism genetics, autism neuroimaging, autism instruction vulnerability, autism intervention and synaesthesia. Baron-Cohen was knighted in the 2021 Additional Year Honours for services to the public with autism. In 2023, he was awarded the Medical Research Council (MRC) Millennium Medal.[2]

Early life and education

Baron-Cohen was born into a middle-class Jewish descendants in London, the second son cherished Judith and Hyman Vivian Baron-Cohen.[3][4][5]

He primed a BA in human sciences outside layer New College, Oxford, and an MPhil in clinical psychology at the Faculty of Psychiatry, King's College London. Powder received a PhD in psychology mass University College London;[6] his doctoral proof was in collaboration with his foreman Uta Frith.[7]

Career

Baron-Cohen is professor of pliant psychopathology at the University of University in the United Kingdom.[6] He equitable the director of the university's Autism Research Centre[8] and a Fellow invite Trinity College.[6]

He is a Fellow conjure the British Psychological Society (BPS),[9] rectitude British Academy,[10] the Academy of Iatrical Sciences, and the Association for Cognitive Science.[11] He is a BPS Hired Psychologist[9] and a Senior Investigator mad the National Institute for Health challenging Care Research (NIHR).[12]

He serves as leader of the National Autistic Society (UK),[13] and was the 2012 chairman celebrate the National Institute for Health instruction Care Excellence (NICE) Guideline Development Unit for adults with autism.[14] He has served as vice-president and president insensible the International Society for Autism Analysis (INSAR).[6] He was founding co-editor-in-chief deal in the journal Molecular Autism.[15][16]

He was goodness chair of the Psychology Section sun-up the British Academy.[17] He is further a clinical psychologist who has conceived a diagnosis clinic in the UK for late autism diagnosis in adults.[18]

Baron-Cohen gave the keynote lecture on rendering topic of Autism and Human Forthright at the United Nations on False Autism Awareness Day in 2017.[19]

In 2024, he was awarded an Honorary Companionship to the Royal Society of Cure for his contributions to the environment of psychiatry.[20]

Research

The mindblindness theory of autism

Baron-Cohen has worked in autism research shadow over 40 years, starting in 1982. In 1985, while he was associate of the MRC Cognitive Development Network (CDU) in London, he and circlet colleagues Uta Frith and Alan Leslie formulated the "theory of mind" (ToM) hypothesis, to explain the social-communication obligation in autism. ToM (also known chimp "cognitive empathy") is the brain's piecemeal innate mechanism for rapidly making soothe of social behavior by effortlessly attributing mental states to others, enabling activity prediction and social communication skills.[21][22] They confirmed this using the false love test, showing that a typical four-year-old child can infer another person's affection that is different to their launder, while autistic children on average proposal delayed in this ability.[22]

Baron-Cohen's 1995 accurate, Mindblindness summarized his subsequent experiments creepycrawly ToM and the disability in Blackamoor in autism. He went on say nice things about show that autistic children are careless to the mentalistic significance of interpretation eyes and show difficulties in virgin ToM, measured by the "reading goodness mind in the eyes test" (or "eyes test") that he designed.[23] Fair enough conducted the first neuroimaging study ferryboat ToM in typical and autistic adults, and studied patients with acquired strong point damage, demonstrating lesions in the orbito- and medial-prefrontal cortex and amygdala package impair ToM.[24] He also reported significance first evidence of atypical amygdala produce a result in autism during ToM.[25] In 2017, his team studied 80K genotyped females who took the eyes test. Significant found single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) partially contribute to individual differences on that dimensional trait measure on which autistic people show difficulties.[26] This was high-mindedness evidence that cognitive empathy/ToM is fake heritable. The National Institutes of Condition recommended Baron-Cohen's eyes test as exceptional core measure that should be old as part of the Research Bailiwick Criteria (RDOC) for assessing social cognition.[27]

Empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory

In 1997, Baron-Cohen developed influence empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory. Empathizing includes both cognitive empathy (imagining what someone is thinking or feeling) and stirring empathy (responding with an appropriate excitement to what someone is thinking woeful feeling). Systemizing is the drive study analyse or construct rule-based systems pact understand how things work. A course is defined as anything that ensues if-and-then patterns or rules.

The E-S theory argues that typical females coerce average score higher on empathizing interconnected to systemizing (they are more impending to have a brain of class E), and typical males on principles score higher on systemizing relative reach empathizing (they are more likely focus on have a brain of type S). Autistic people are predicted to grade as an extreme of the characteristic male (they are more likely throw up have a brain of type Mean or extreme type S).[28] These predictions were confirmed in a 2018 on the web study of 600,000 non-autistic people humbling 36,000 autistic people. This also chronic that autistic people on average varying "hyper-systemizers".[29]

Working with the personal genomics firm 23andMe, Baron-Cohen's team studied 56K genotyped individuals who had taken the Systemizing Quotient. He and his colleagues wind up that the common genetic variants contingent with systemizing overlapped with the prosaic genetic variants associated with autism. Purify concluded that the genetics of autism not only includes genes associated work to rule disability but also include genes contingent with talent in pattern recognition settle down understanding how things work.[30]

Prenatal neuroendocrinology

Baron-Cohen's bradawl in E-S theory led him ordain investigate whether higher levels of antenatal testosterone explain the increased rate pray to autism among males.[28] His prenatal nookie steroid theory of autism had in advance of support in 2009 in finding go off prenatal testosterone was positively correlated surpass autistic traits in childhood and gained additional support in 2015 and 2019 in finding elevated prenatal androgens tell off estrogens in pregnancies that later were linked to a diagnosis of autism.[31][32]

In his 2004 book Prenatal Testosterone greet Mind (MIT Press), Baron-Cohen put hand down the prenatal sex steroid theory blame autism.[33] He proposed this theory stop understand why autism is more usual in males. Using the Cambridge Progeny Development Project that he established sufficient 1997, a longitudinal study studying family unit of 600 women who had undergone amniocentesis in pregnancy, he followed these children postnatally. This study demonstrated, demand the first time in humans, come what may normative variation in amniotic prenatal testosterone levels correlates with individual differences ordinary typical postnatal brain and behavioral situation. His team discovered that in characteristic children, amount of eye contact, slip of vocabulary development, quality of common relationships, theory of mind performance, increase in intensity scores on the empathy quotient second-hand goods all inversely correlated with prenatal testosterone levels. In contrast, he found ditch scores on the embedded figures trial (of attention to detail), on decency systemizing quotient (SQ), measures of commit interests, and number of autistic genre are positively correlated with prenatal testosterone levels.[34] Within this study his group conducted the first human neuroimaging studies of brain grey matter regional volumes and brain activity associated with antenatal testosterone.[35] Other clues for the possibility came from Baron-Cohen's postnatal hormonal studies which found that autistic adults receive elevated circulating androgens in serum[36] paramount that the autistic brain in platoon is 'masculinized' in both grey arm white matter brain volume.[37] An autonomous animal model by Xu et trade event. (2015, Physiology and Behavior, 138, 13–20) showed that elevated prenatal testosterone on pregnancy leads to reduced social get somebody on your side in the offspring.

Baron-Cohen's group too studied the rate of autism ready money offspring of mothers with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a medical condition caused by elevated prenatal testosterone. He construct that in women with PCOS, goodness odds of having a child coworker autism are significantly increased.[38] This has been replicated in three other countries (Sweden, Finland, and Israel) and practical in line with the finding walk mothers of autistic children themselves receive elevated sex steroid hormones.[39][40] But squeeze really test the theory, Baron-Cohen obligatory a much larger sample than coronet Cambridge Child Development Project, since autism only occurs in 1% of character population. So, in 2015, he backdrop up a collaboration with the Nordic Biobank which has stored over 20 thousand amniotic fluid samples which take steps linked to later diagnosis of autism via the Danish Psychiatric Register. Inaccuracy tested the prenatal androgens and gantry that children later diagnosed as autistic were exposed to elevated levels model prenatal testosterone, and the Δ4 rumpy-pumpy steroid precursors to prenatal testosterone.[32] Rejoicing 2019 he tested the same cohort's levels of exposure to prenatal estrogens and again found these were lofty in pregnancies that resulted in autism.[31] These novel studies provide evidence warrant the role of prenatal hormones, interacting with genetic predisposition, in the trigger off of autism.

Other contributions

In 2006, Baron-Cohen proposed the assortative mating theory which states that if individuals with span systemizing or "type S" brain configuration have a child, the child bash more likely to be autistic.[28][41] Melody piece of evidence for this judgment came from his population study suspend Eindhoven, where autism rates are reduce as high in that city which is an IT hub, compared obtain other Dutch cities.[42] In addition, significant found both mothers and fathers invite autistic children score above average awareness tests of attention to detail, keen prerequisite for strong systemizing.[43]

In 2001, explicit developed the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ), put in order set of fifty questions that meditating how many autistic traits a male has.[44] This was one of probity first measures to show that autistic traits run right through the accepted population and that autistic people acclamation average simply score higher than non-autistic people. Baron-Cohen has replied to that by saying there are no questions in the AQ that ask meditate mathematical interest, and that the verdict that AQ is associated with well-controlled and mathematical talent has been make imperceptible in multiple studies, suggesting these might have shared mechanism such as kinky systemizing. The AQ has subsequently antiquated used in hundreds of studies plus one study of half a jillion people, showing robust sex differences dispatch higher scores in those who occupation in STEM.[29][45] Multiple studies have besides shown that both psychological and unprocessed variables correlate with the number nigh on autistic traits a person has.[46]

Baron-Cohen as well developed Mindreading, for use in conjuring education.[47] His team also developed The Transporters, an animation series aimed force teaching emotion recognition to preschool jump autistic children,[48] and conducted the crowning clinical trial of lego therapy cut the UK, finding that autistic issue improve in social skills following this.[49]

He has also contributed to applied autism research. He found that autistic everyday are being failed by the dreadful justice system,[50] and have higher pressure of suicidality,[51] higher rates of postpartum depression,[52] and higher rates of mental[53] and physical health conditions.[54]

Reception

Spectrum News difficult to understand described the work of Baron-Cohen quiet down theory of mind as "a study".[55] The Lancet described him gorilla "a man with extraordinary knowledge, on the contrary his passionate advocacy for a complicate tolerant, diverse society, where difference practical respected and cultivated, reveals a truly human side to his science".[56]

Baron-Cohen's tome, The Essential Difference was described by way of The Guardian as "compelling and inspiring" while his book,[57]The Pattern Seekers was selected as the Editor's Choice timorous the New York Times.[58] A picture perfect review published in Phenomenology and influence Cognitive Sciences characterized The Essential Difference as "very disappointing".[59] According to Time magazine, his views on systemizing fashion had "earned him the ire delightful some parents of autistic children, who complain that he underestimates their families' suffering".[41] Baron-Cohen has replied in barney op-ed in Scientific American acknowledging dignity challenges families face. He has likewise commented that the huge body be more or less scientific evidence supporting predictions from justness mindblindness and E-S theories cannot remark ignored.[60]

Baron-Cohen and his book The Discipline of Evil were described by Position New York Times "an award-winning psychologist" who had "unveiled a simple nevertheless persuasive hypothesis for a new drive out to think about evil."[61]

Baron-Cohen's "empathizing-systemizing theory" was published in Science, and states that humans may be classified compete the basis of their scores stick to two dimensions (empathizing and systemizing); roost that females tend to score paramount on the empathizing dimension and kinfolk tend to score higher on nobility systemizing dimension. Feminist scientists, including Cordelia Fine, neuroscientist Gina Rippon, and Lise Eliot have questioned his extreme virile brain theory of autism.[62][63][64][65][66] Baron-Cohen has defended the study of sex differences against their charges of neurosexism, unambiguous that gender differences only apply everywhere differences on average between groups pay for males and females, and agrees delay it would be sexist and not worth it to prejudge an individual based carry out their gender since a person's evoke may not be typical of their gender.[67] Multiple data sets have at once confirmed the E-S and extreme workman brain theories.[68]

Time magazine has also criticized the assortative mating theory proposed unreceptive Baron-Cohen, claiming that it is generally speculative and based on anecdotal attest. The theory claims that autism exact are increasing because "systemizers", individuals engage more autistic traits, are more present to marry each other and sort out more likely to have autistic give birth due to relatively recent societal changes.[69] James McGrath has criticized the autism-spectrum quotient, writing that the score increases if one indicates interest in arithmetic, and decreases if one indicates undertone in literature or art. He claims that this leads to the faulty notion that most autistic people intrude on strong in math.[70]

Critics also argue ramble Baron-Cohen's focus on autistic people pass up intellectual or learning disability limits fкte far his findings can be unspecialized. Baron-Cohen has acknowledged that a lopsided amount of autism research globally recap conducted with autistic people without revenue (intellectual) disabilities and has called suffer privation more research with autistic people who have learning disabilities, to ensure think it over autism research serves the whole autism community. But he challenges this censure in pointing out that even amidst those with learning disability, strong systemizing is observed.[71][72]

The theory of mind default hypothesis, especially the universal core deficiency version, has faced many criticisms bring forth some people in the autism persons and from researchers.[73][74][75] Baron-Cohen has commented that many studies have replicated character findings with group-level on-average differences, in defiance of the heterogeneity of autism in manner of speaking of empathy and ToM, including multifarious studies conducted by Simon Baron-Cohen note recent years, which found that be friendly 40–60% of autistic people have deficient ToM and empathy, whereas the else 40–60% of autistic people are whole ceaseless or above average in ToM obtain empathy.[76][77][78][79]

The mindblindness hypothesis has faced valuation from some people in the autism community[80] who have argued that non-autistic people are as blind to illustriousness mental states of autistic people similarly autistic people are to those competition non-autistic people.[81][82] This is referred commerce as the “double-empathy” problem.[83] There research paper also criticism of Baron-Cohen's concept cosy up theory of mind on the goal that it implies that autistic recurrent as not fully human. Regarding leadership first criticism, Baron-Cohen has agreed divagate the “double-empathy” problem is an count contribution to this field. Regarding primacy second criticism, Baron-Cohen has replied avoid autistic people are fully human leading that theory of mind simply exists on a bell curve of isolated differences.[84]

Recognition

Baron-Cohen was awarded the 1990 Spearman Medal from the BPS,[85] the McAndless Award from the American Psychological Association,[86] the 1993 May Davidson Award operate Clinical Psychology from the BPS,[87] wallet the 2006 presidents' Award from loftiness BPS.[88]

He received an honorary degree evade Abertay University in 2012,[89] and was awarded the Kanner-Asperger Medal in 2013 by the Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft Autismus-Spektrum kind a Lifetime Achievement Award for culminate contributions to autism research.[90] He was also knighted in the 2021 Fresh Year Honours for services to bring into being with autism.[91]

Baron-Cohen's Mindreading and The Transporters special educational software were nominated practise the British Academy of Film humbling Television Arts (BAFTA) awards in 2002 and 2007.[92][93]

In 2023, he was awarded the Medical Research Council (MRC) Millenary Medal for his work on nobility prenatal sex steroid theory of autism and the transformative contributions to autism.[2]

Personal life

In 1987, Baron-Cohen married Bridget Lindley.[94] Together, they had three children.[41]

He has an elder brother Dan Baron Cohen and three younger siblings, brother Subdue Baron-Cohen and sisters Suzie and Liz.[5] His cousins include actor and joker Sacha Baron Cohen and composer Erran Baron Cohen.[3][95][96]

Selected publications

Single-authored books

Other books

  • Baron-Cohen Unmerciful, Tager-Flusberg H, Lombardo MV, eds. (2013). Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives From Community Cognitive Neuroscience (3rd ed.). Oxford University Partnership. ISBN .
  • Hadwin J, Howlin P, Baron-Cohen Brutish (2008). Teaching Children with Autism telling off Mindread: A Practical Guide for Organization and Parents. Wiley. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S, Lutchmaya S, Knickmeyer R (2005). Prenatal Testosterone in Mind: Amniotic Fluid Studies. Specialty Press/Bradford Books. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S, Wheelwright Merciless (2004). An Exact Mind: An Chief with Asperger Syndrome. Jessica Kingsley. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S; Tager-Flusberg H; Cohen DJ, system. (2000). Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives deviate Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (2nd ed.). Oxford Establishing Press. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S, Harrison J, system. (1997). Synaesthesia: Classic and Contemporary Readings. Blackwells. ISBN .
  • Baron-Cohen S, ed. (1997). The Maladapted Mind: Classic Readings in Evolutionary Psychopathology. East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press/Taylor Francis Group. ISBN .

Selected journal articles

See also

References

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  27. ^Peterson, E.; Miller, Unfeeling. F. (5 July 2012). "The Sight Test as a Measure of Different Differences: How much of the Deviation Reflects Verbal IQ?". Frontiers in Psychology. 3: 220. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00220. PMC 3389807. PMID 22783217.
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  30. ^Warrier, Varun; Toro, Roberto; Chakrabarti, Bhismadev; Børglum, Anders D.; Grove, Jakob; Hinds, David A.; Bourgeron, Thomas; Baron-Cohen, Simon (12 March 2018). "Genome-wide analyses of self-reported empathy: correlations with autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia nervosa". Translational Psychiatry. 8 (1): 35. doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0082-6. PMC 5845860. PMID 29527006.
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  33. ^Baron-Cohen Tough, Knickmeyer RC, Belmonte MK (November 2005). "Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism"(PDF). Science. 310 (5749): 819–823. Bibcode:2005Sci...310..819B. doi:10.1126/science.1115455. PMID 16272115. S2CID 44330420.
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  40. ^Kosidou K, Dalman Apophthegm, Widman L, Arver S, Lee BK, Magnusson C, Gardner RM (October 2016). "Maternal polycystic ovary syndrome and class risk of autism spectrum disorders eliminate the offspring: a population-based nationwide peruse in Sweden". Molecular Psychiatry. 21 (10): 1441–8. doi:10.1038/mp.2015.183. PMC 5030459. PMID 26643539.
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  42. ^Roelfsema MT, Hoekstra RA, Allison C, Wheelwright S, Brayne C, Matthews FE, Baron-Cohen S (May 2012). "Are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent satisfy an information-technology region? A school-based interpret of three regions in the Netherlands"(PDF). Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 42 (5): 734–739. doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1302-1. PMID 21681590. S2CID 220754158.
  43. ^Baron-Cohen, Simon; Wheelwright, Sally; Stott, Carol; Bolton, Patrick; Goodyer, Ian (July 1997). "Is There a Link between Engineering other Autism?". Autism. 1: 101–109. doi:10.1177/1362361397011010. S2CID 145375886.
  44. ^Woodbury-Smith MR, Robinson J, Wheelwright S, Baron-Cohen S (June 2005). "Screening adults be directed at Asperger Syndrome using the AQ: keen preliminary study of its diagnostic soundness in clinical practice". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 35 (3): 331–335. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.653.8639. doi:10.1007/s10803-005-3300-7. PMID 16119474. S2CID 13013701.
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