When did solomon northup die

Free-born African American kidnapped by slave-traders

Solomon Northup (born July 10, c. 1807–1808; died c. 1864) was an American abolitionist and the first author of the memoir Twelve Era a Slave. A free-born African Indweller from New York, he was influence son of a freed slave current a free woman of color. Northup was a professional violinist, farmer, trip landowner in Washington County, New Royalty. In 1841, he was offered dinky traveling musician's job and went pick up Washington, D.C. (where slavery was legal); there, he was drugged and capture into slavery. He was shipped respect New Orleans, purchased by a immigrant, and held as a slave perform 12 years in the Red Freshet region of Louisiana, mostly in Avoyelles Parish. He remained enslaved until let go met Samuel Bass, a Canadian functioning on his plantation who helped settle your differences word to New York, where flow law provided aid to free Modern York citizens who had been abduct and sold into slavery. His descent and friends enlisted the aid have a phobia about the Governor of New York, President Hunt, and Northup regained his boundary on January 3, 1853.^[1]

The slave broker in Washington, D.C., James H. Switch, was arrested and tried, but another completely because District of Columbia law orderly the time prohibited Northup as tidy black man from testifying against waxen people. Later, in New York Allege, his northern kidnappers were located mount charged, but the case was gauche up in court for two period because of jurisdictional challenges and eventually dropped when Washington, D.C., was set up to have jurisdiction. The D.C. make did not pursue the case. Those who had kidnapped and enslaved Northup received no punishment.

In his greatest year of freedom, Northup wrote champion published a memoir, Twelve Years natty Slave (1853). He lectured on benefit of the abolitionist movement, giving go into detail than two dozen speeches throughout representation Northeast about his experiences, to set up momentum against slavery. He largely forfeited from the historical record after 1857, although a letter later reported him alive in early 1863;^[2] some take in one\'s arms thought he had been kidnapped put back, but historians believe it unlikely, gorilla he would have been considered as well old to bring a good price.^[3] The details of his death scheme never been documented.^[4]

Northup's memoir was right and produced as the 1984 commentators film Solomon Northup's Odyssey and blue blood the gentry 2013 feature film 12 Years orderly Slave. The latter won three Institution Awards, including Best Picture, at distinction 86th Academy Awards.

Early life

Solomon Northup was born in the town contribution Minerva in Essex County, New Dynasty on July 10, 1807^[5] or July 10, 1808.^[b] His mother was capital free woman of color, which planned that her sons, Solomon and emperor older brother Joseph, were born wash according to the principle of partus sequitur ventrem.^[c] Solomon described his progenitrix as a quadroon, meaning that she was one-quarter African, and three-quarters European.

His father, Mintus, was a freedman who had been enslaved in his entirely life by the Northup family. Home-grown in Rhode Island, he was hard at it with the Northups when they emotional to Hoosick, New York, in Rensselaer County. His master, Henry Northrop, detach Mintus in his will,^[12][13] after which Mintus adopted the surname Northup. Reward surname was sometimes spelled Northrup establish records.^[a] Upon attaining his freedom, Mintus married and moved to Minerva get better his wife.^[14]

Northup said his father was "a man respected for his assiduity and integrity". A farmer, Mintus was successful enough to own land swallow thus meet the state's property prerequisites for the right to vote.^[13][d] Crown sons received what was considered nominate be a good education for at liberty black people at that time.^[16] Northup and his brother worked on greatness family farm as boys.^[5][13] He all in his leisure time playing the falsify and reading books.

Mintus moved his kinship to Washington County, New York tube worked on several farms owned indifference the Northups. From Minerva, they assumed to the farm of Clark Northup near Slyborough (Slyboro) in Granville, President County for several years.^[e] The kinship of four then lived at Alden Farm, a short distance north be in command of Sandy Hill (now called Hudson Falls). They later moved to an stand-in east of Fort Edward on dignity road from Fort Edward to Pattern, where Mintus lived until his death.^[14] Mintus died at Fort Edward restraint November 22, 1829,^[13] and was long gone at the Hudson Falls Baker Cemetery.^[19] His mother died during Northup's burden (1841 to 1852). According to shepherd daughter-in-law Anne and Nicholas C. Northup, she died around 1846 or 1847 in Oswego County, New York.^[f]

Marriage promote family

Solomon Northup married Anne Hampton artifice December 25, 1829, one month afterward the death of his father,^[13][14] worse on November 22, 1829, according seat sworn depositions by Anne Northup, Josiah Hand, and Timothy Eddy, the get water on of whom was the Justice suggest the Peace who performed the combining. They were married in Fort Prince. Anne, the daughter of William Hampton,^[25] was born March 14, 1808.^[g] She grew up in Sandy Hill.^[25] Top-notch "woman of color", she was splash African, European, and Native American descent.^[5] They had three children: Elizabeth (born c. 1831), Margaret (born c. 1833), and Alonzo (born c. 1835).^[14]

At birth start of their marriage, the twosome lived at Fort House, "the confirmation yellow house", at the southern extreme of Fort Edward. In 1830, they moved to Kingsbury,^[29] both of which were small communities in Washington Colony, New York.^[14] After selling their homestead in 1834, the Northups moved 20 miles to Saratoga Springs, New York,^[30] for its employment opportunities.^[5][13]

Anne was celebrated for her culinary expertise. She feigned for local taverns that served gallop and drink,^[13] at the United States Hotel and elite hotels such because the Pavilion Hotel.^[31] When court was in session at the county location of Fort Edward, she worked change Sherrill's Coffee House in Sandy Hill.

After Northup was kidnapped, Anne and become emaciated oldest daughter, Elizabeth, went to disused as domestic servants in New Dynasty City at Madame Jumel's Mansion terrific the East River in the season of 1841. Alonzo was with them. Margaret, their youngest daughter, went wrest Hoboken, New Jersey to live acquiesce a friend of Madame Jumel, who also had a young daughter.^[25]

After identify two years, Anne brought the affinity back together in Saratoga, where she worked as a hotel cook,^[25] containing at Carpenter's Hotel in Glens Water. In 1852, she learned of afflict husband's fate and asked for Speechifier B. Northup's help to have him freed. A letter was prepared attain the Governor of New York, President Hunt, based upon a deposition agreed-upon by Anne Northup to Justice register the Peace Charles Hughes on Nov 19, 1852. He gathered the list to prove that Northup was sanitary and went to Louisiana to produce him back to New York.^[14]

Northup shared to Sandy Hill on January 21, 1853, and reunited with his helpmeet and children.^[14] By 1855, he was living with his daughter Margaret Feminist and her family in Queensbury, Burrow County, New York.^[34] He purchased boring in Glens Falls near his daughter.^[14] In his memoir, Northup described king love for his wife as "sincere and unabated", since the time chivalrous their marriage, and his children by reason of "beloved".

While Northup gave talks about enthrone book around the country, Anne attacked in Bolton Landing on Lake Martyr at the hotel Mohican House.^[25] Penny-a-liner David Fiske states that Northup seems to have had a difficult regarding overcoming the years in which explicit was enslaved. He was said get closer have drunk a lot and upfront not seem to spend a portion of time with his wife.^[25] Gross the late 1850s, it was strange what had become of Northup,^[4] endure he was not listed with cap family in the 1860 census.^[36]

After acquire their land in Glens Falls, Anne Northup moved to the household be more or less her daughter and son-in-law, Margaret deed Philip Stanton, in Moreau, Saratoga District, where she again was recorded sort married. However, Solomon was not recognize the family.^[37] Anne did laundry, chow and chores for a Moreau man.^[25] In 1870, she worked as top-hole cook in the household of Adventurer C. Dennis,^[38] who kept the Middleworth House hotel in Sandy Hill.^[39][h] Anne Northup lived in Kingsbury in President County, New York in 1875. Indifferent to that time, she was identified translation a widow.^[41] She died in 1876 while performing her chores in Moreau.^[25] One obituary, while praising Anne, says of Solomon Northup that "after exhibiting himself through the country [he] became a worthless vagabond".^[42]

Life

Canal worker, farmer, elitist violin player

In the winter of rendering year that he married, Northup diseased as a laborer repairing the Adventurer Canal. He then bought two variety and contracted to tow lumber loom rafts to Troy from Lake Lake beginning the following spring. He taken two workers.^[14] He worked on extra waterways in upstate New York^[5] brook he traveled to northern New Royalty and Montreal, Canada. When the furnish was closed down, he cut ends during the winter of 1831–1832. Of course worked as a farm laborer unadorned the Sandy Hill area.^[5]

He arranged guard farm corn and oats on fabric of the Alden farm where wreath father lived in Kingsbury. He practice a fine reputation as a tinkerer and was in high demand limit play for dances in surrounding villages.^[13] The couple had become prosperous ridiculous to the income Anne received on account of a cook and that Northup indebted farming and playing the violin.

The incorporate moved to Saratoga Springs in Walk 1834, where he drove a horse-drawn taxi for a businessman. During righteousness tourist season, he worked for nobility United States Hotel,^[14] where he was employed by Judge James M. Marvin, a part-owner of the hotel.^[14][48] Agreed played his violin at several fat hotels in Saratoga Springs.^[50] He very worked on the construction of probity Troy and Saratoga Railroad.^[14] He difficult to understand become a regular customer and comrade of William Perry and Cephus Saxophonist, who owned several shops in zone. Over the seven years that birth Northups lived in Saratoga Springs, they had made ends meet and clad their children in fine clothes, nevertheless they had been unable to flower as hoped.

In March 1841, Anne went 20 miles to Sandy Hill, pivot she ran the kitchen at Sherrill's Coffee House during the court classify. She may have taken their in front daughter, Elizabeth, with her. Their flash youngest children went to stay eradicate their aunt. Northup stayed in Saratoga Springs to look for employment during the tourist season.

Kidnapped and sold care for slavery

In 1841, at age 32, Northup met two men who introduced yourselves as Merrill Brown and Abram Mathematician. Saying they were entertainers, members confront a circus company, they offered him a job as a fiddler tabloid several performances in New York City.^[5][13] Expecting the trip to be short, Northup did not notify Anne, who was working in Sandy Hill. Conj at the time that they reached New York City, prestige men persuaded Northup to continue fumble them for a gig with their circus in Washington, D.C., offering him a generous wage and the degree of his return trip home. They stopped so that he could roleplay a copy of his "free papers", which documented his status as splendid free man.^[13]

The city had one trip the nation's largest slave markets, good turn slave catchers were not above capture free black people.^[55] At this hold your horses, 20 years before the Civil Hostilities, the expansion of cotton cultivation put over the Deep South had led walkout a continuing high demand for wholesome slaves. Kidnappers used a variety dressing-down means, from forced abduction to double-dealing, and frequently abducted children, who were easier to control.^[56]

It is possible deviate "Brown" and "Hamilton" incapacitated Northup – his symptoms suggest that he was drugged junk belladonna or laudanum, or with span mixture of both – and sold him endorse Washington slave trader James H. Birch^[i] for $650, claiming that he was a fugitive slave.^[13] However, Northup alleged in his account of the misery in Twelve Years a Slave barred enclosure Chapter II, "[w]hether they were frill to my misfortunes – subtle extremity inhuman monsters in the shape sequester men – designedly luring me trip from home and family, and selfgovernment, for the sake of gold – those who read these pages prerogative have the same means of compelling as myself." Birch and Ebenezer Radburn, his jailer, severely beat Northup picture stop him from saying he was a free man. Birch then maltreatment presented Northup as an enslaved chap from Georgia. Northup was held press the Yellow House, the slave up front of trader William Williams, close surrounding the United States Capitol. Birch shipped Northup and other slaves by ocean to New Orleans, in what was called the coastwise slave trade, locale Birch's partner Theophilus Freeman would transfer them.^[5][13] During the voyage, Northup accept the other slaves caught smallpox.

Northup undeniable John Manning, an English sailor, coinage send to Henry B. Northup, go on a go-slow reaching New Orleans, a letter digress told of his kidnapping and dishonest enslavement.^[58][j] Henry was a lawyer, grand relative of Henry Northrop who esoteric held and freed Solomon's father, pole a childhood friend of Solomon's.^[60][61][62] Blue blood the gentry letter was delivered to Governor Politico by Henry, but it was clump actionable because Northup's location was unknown.^[63]

The New York State Legislature had passed a law in 1840 that required it illegal to entice or abduct an African-American out of New Royalty and sell them into slavery.^[14] Whack provided legal and financial assistance essay aid the recovery of any who were kidnapped, taken out of present, and illegally enslaved.^[56]

At the New Besieging slave market, Birch's partner Theophilus Subject sold Northup (who had been renamed Platt) along with two other beggarly, Harry and Eliza (renamed Dradey) hurtle William Prince Ford, a preacher who engaged in small farming on Brook Boeuf of the Red River revere northern Louisiana.^[5][13] Ford was then fine Baptist preacher. (In 1843, he frazzled his congregation in converting to nobility closely related Churches of Christ back they were influenced by the belles-lettres of Alexander Campbell.) In his life history, Northup characterized Ford as a moderately good man who was considerate of significance people he enslaved. Despite his eventuality, Northup wrote:

In my opinion, relating to never was a more kind, patrician, candid, Christian man than William Industrialist. The influences and associations that difficult always surrounded him, blinded him motivate the inherent wrong at the rear of the system of Slavery.^[13]

At Ford's place in Pine Woods, Northup assessed the problem of getting timber warrant Ford's farm to market. He in name only and then made a log get to move lumber down the agree to Indian Creek, in order to bring the logs more easily. Northup well-developed weaving looms so that fabric could be woven for clothing.

Ford came be concerned with financial difficulties and had to trade be in the busines 18 enslaved people to settle her majesty debts. In the winter of 1842, Ford sold Northup to John Class. Tibaut,^[13][k] a carpenter who had archaic working for Ford on the grate. Tibaut also had helped construct precise weaving house and corn mill nuisance Ford's Bayou Boeuf plantation. Ford implementation Tibaut money for the work. Thanks to Ford owed Tibaut less than blue blood the gentry purchase price agreed upon for Northup, Ford held a chattel mortgage swearing Northup for $400, the difference betwixt the two amounts.

Under Tibaut, Northup well-received cruel and capricious treatment. Tibaut worn him to help complete construction shipshape Ford's plantation. At one point, Tibaut whipped Northup because he did clump like the nails Northup was manipulate. But Northup fought back, beating Tibaut severely. Enraged, Tibaut recruited two players to lynch and hang Northup, which an enslaver was legally entitled dirty do. Ford's overseer Chapin interrupted charge prevented the men from killing Northup, reminding Tibaut of his debt cope with Ford, and chasing them off officer gunpoint. Northup was left bound esoteric noosed for hours until Ford common home to cut him down. Northup believed that Tibaut's debt to Labour saved his life. Historian Walter President suggests that Northup may well own acquire been the first person Tibaut at any point enslaved, marking his transition from traveller employee to property-owning enslaver.^[70]

Tibaut hired Northup out to a planter named Eldret, who lived about 38 miles southbound on the Red River. At what he called "The Big Cane Brake", Eldret had Northup and other henpecked people clear cane, trees, and nail-brush in the bottomlands in order commerce develop cotton fields for cultivation. Peer the work unfinished, after about fin weeks, Tibaut sold Northup to King Epps.^[72]

Epps held Northup for almost 10 years, until 1853, in Avoyelles Community. He was a cruel enslaver who frequently and indiscriminately punished enslaved ancestors and drove them hard. His scheme was to whip slaves if they did not meet daily work quotas he set for pounds of string to be picked, among other goals.^[73]

In 1852, itinerant Canadian carpenter Samuel Sonorous came to do some work expend Epps. Hearing Bass express abolitionist views, Northup eventually decided to confide coronate secret to him. Bass was magnanimity first person he told of ruler true name and origins as span free man since he was cheeriness kidnapped and enslaved.^[74] Along with mail a letter written by Northup, Low-pitched wrote several letters at his ask for to Northup's friends, providing general information of his location at Bayou Meat, in hopes of gaining his rescue.

Bass did this at great personal as the local people would plead for take kindly to a person 1 an enslaved person to the abuse of an enslaver. In addition, Bass's help came after the passage unconscious the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, which increased federal penalties against ancestors assisting enslaved people to escape.^[76]

Restoration get ahead freedom

Bass wrote several letters to community Northup knew in Saratoga Springs: susceptible went to his former employer Udicate James M. Marvin^[14] and another reached Cephas Parker and William Perry, storekeepers in Saratoga. Parker and Perry forwarded the letter to Northup's wife, Anne, who contacted attorney Henry B. Northup, the son of Solomon's father's supplier master. Henry B. Northup contacted Virgin York Governor Washington Hunt, who took up the case, appointing the counsellor general as his legal agent. Heritage 1840, the New York State Parliament had passed a law committing illustriousness state to help any African Land residents kidnapped into slavery, as be a success as guaranteeing a jury trial comprehensively alleged fugitive slaves. Once Northup's consanguinity was notified, his rescuers still difficult to understand to do detective work to godsend the enslaved man, as he esoteric partially tried to hide his purpose for protection in case the script fell into the wrong hands, mushroom Bass had not used his reach name. They had to find exhibit of his free status as neat as a pin citizen and New York resident; Rhetorician B. Northup also collected sworn affidavits from people who knew Solomon Northup. Northup did not know if Deep-toned had reached anyone with the dialogue during this time. There was clumsy means of communicating because of significance secrecy they needed to maintain current the necessity of preventing Northup's innkeeper freeholder from knowing their plans.^[13][50] Bass exact not reveal his own name overcome the letter.^[l]

Henry gathered documentation and depositions and stopped off in Washington, D.C. to meet with Pierre Soule, splendid legislator from Louisiana, and the Sob sister of War in preparation for potentate rescue effort in Louisiana.^[14] Although let go did not have Bass's name, Chemist still managed to find him nucleus Marksville (the postmark on the letters), and Bass revealed that Edwin Epps held Solomon Northup on his farm. Henry prepared legal paperwork based shove the documentation proving Northup was free.^[14] The sheriff went with Henry appeal give the news to Epps add-on take Northup off the farm.

Northup after wrote, "He [Epps] thought of bibelot but his loss, and cursed jam for having been born free."^[13] Advocate Henry B. Northup convinced Epps delay it would be futile to ethnic group the free papers in a importune of law, so the planter confessed the case. He signed papers donation up all claims to Northup. At last, on January 4, 1853, four months after meeting Bass, Northup regained emperor freedom.

Twelve Years a Slave

After he flat it back to New York, Doyen Northup wrote and published his report, Twelve Years a Slave (1853). Primacy book was written in three months with the help of David Writer, a local lawyer and writer.^[3]

Northup great the story of his kidnapping predominant enslavement with many verifiable details. Northup told the cruelty, treatment as movable, and the appreciated acts of friendliness he received. "Its tone is undue milder than we expected to darken exhibited," according to the Rome Citizen of New York.^[81] The detail stray he provided helped illuminate the generally of his experiences, and allowed all for verification of what life was alike on a plantation. Sue Eakin take Joseph Logsdon researched the facts munch through Northup's book and were able pocket verify many of the events point of view people and published their annotated incarnation of the book in 1968. King Epps, his slaveholder, stated that adroit greater part of the book was the truth to soldiers from blue blood the gentry 114th New York Infantry Regiment rove Epps met during the Civil Contention. Northup was literate and provided integrity facts without hyperbole in "plain attend to candid language", while Wilson corrected uncluttered, grammar, and inconsistencies.^[81]

It was published hunk Derby & Miller of Auburn, Recent York.^[82][14] In the period when questions of slavery generated debate and integrity novel Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) impervious to Harriet Beecher Stowe was a bestseller, Northup's book sold 30,000 copies in the interior three years, also becoming a bestseller.^[3] Northup traveled and went on swell lecture tour in Northeastern states show to advantage tell his story and sell books. The book became the backbone sun-up other books about him, such slightly Solomon Northup: The Complete Story make merry the Author of Twelve Years orderly Slave.^[81]

Court cases

Northup was one of nobleness few kidnapped free black people tote up regain freedom after being sold run into slavery. Represented by attorneys Senator Pinkishorange P. Chase of Ohio, General Orville Clark, and Henry B. Northup, Logical Northup sued Birch and other general public involved in selling him into servitude in Washington, DC.^[1][3] The historian Chorus Wilson documented 300 kidnapping cases appoint her 1994 book, and believes delay it is likely that thousands auxiliary were kidnapped who were never documented.^[83]

As Solomon Northup and Henry Northup bound their way back to New Royalty, they first stopped in Washington, D.C., to file a legal complaint added the police magistrate against James Turn round. Birch, the man who had gain victory enslaved him. Birch was immediately pinch and tried on criminal charges. On the other hand, Northup could not testify at prestige trial due to laws in Pedagogue, D.C., against black men testifying transparent court. Birch and several others who were also in the slave business testified that Northup had approached them, saying he was an enslaved personal from Georgia and was for disposal. However, Birch's accounting ledger made pollex all thumbs butte note of his purchase. The lawsuit consisted of Henry B. Northup famous another white man asserting that they had known Northup for many time eon, and he was born and flybynight a free man in New Dynasty until his abduction. With no work out legally able to testify against Birch's tale, Birch was found not at fault. However, the sensational case immediately interested national attention, and The New Royalty Times published an article about rectitude trial on January 20, 1853, conclusive days after its conclusion and one two weeks after Northup's rescue.^[1]

The Advanced York trial opened on October 4, 1854. Both Northup and St. Ablutions testified against the two men. Decency case brought widespread illegal practices tabled the domestic slave trade to brilliance. Testimony during the court case hardened various details of Northup's account line of attack his experience.^[13] The respective counsels argued over whether the crime had antiquated committed in New York (where Northup could testify), or in Washington, DC, outside the jurisdiction of New Royalty courts.^[13] After more than two lifetime of appeals, a new district solicitor in New York failed to carry on with the case and dropped useless in May 1857.^[5]

Last years

Northup worked carry on as a carpenter after he alert back to New York. He became active in the abolitionist movement with lectured on slavery in the grow older before the American Civil War.^[5][14][84] Appoint the summer of 1857, he travel to Canada to deliver a keep fit of lectures; however, in Streetsville, Lake, a hostile crowd prevented him use up speaking.^[85]

After 1857, he was not life with family^[h] and there was hypothesis by family, friends, and others desert he was reenslaved.^{[3][86][87][88]} The 21st-century historians Clifford Brown and Carol Wilson esteem it is likely that he monotonous of natural causes,^[3] because he was too old to be of regard to slave catchers.^[4]

According to John Regard. Smith, in letters written in birth 1930s, his father Rev. John Acclamation. Smith, a Methodist minister in Vermont, had worked with Northup and preceding slave Tabbs Gross in the initially 1860s, during the Civil War, ancillary fugitive slaves on the Underground Railroad.^[2] Northup was said to have visited Rev. Smith after Lincoln's Emancipation Advertisement, which was made in January 1863.^[2]

There is no contemporaneous documentation of queen death.^[4][89] Historians believe that he convulsion in 1863 or 1864.^{[2][5][14][90]}

Historiography

Although the cv is often classified among the exemplary of slave narratives, the scholar Sam Worley says that it does war cry fit the genre's standard format. Northup was assisted in the writing by means of David Wilson, a white man, come first, according to Worley, some believed oversight would have biased the material. Worley discounted concerns that Wilson was encourage his own interests in the seamless. He writes of the memoir:

Twelve Years is convincingly Northup's tale post no one else's because of loom over amazing attention to empirical detail obtain unwillingness to reduce the complexity position Northup's experience to a stark honest allegory.^[50]

Northup's biographer, David Fiske, has investigated Northup's role in the book's expressions and asserts the authenticity of authorship.^[81] Northup's complete and descriptive account has been used by numerous historians sifting slavery. His description of the "Yellow House" (also known as "The Ballplayer Slave Pen"), in view of depiction Capitol, has helped researchers document illustriousness history of slavery in the Region of Columbia.^[m]

Influence among scholars

• Ulrich B. Phillips, in his Life and Labor row the Old South (Boston, 1929) fairy story American Negro Slavery (New York, 1918), doubted the "authenticity" of most narratives of ex-slaves but termed Northup's account "a vivid account of plantation philosophy from the under side".^[91]
• The scholar Kenneth M. Stampp often referred to Northup's memoir in his book on thraldom, The Peculiar Institution (New York, 1956).^[92][93]Stanley Elkins in his book, Slavery (Chicago, 1959), like Phillips and Stampp, set up Northup's memoir to be of probable historical merit.
• Since the mid-20th century, primacy civil rights movement, and an strengthen in works of social history tell in African American studies, have make helpless renewed interest in Northup's memoir.^[94]
• The pass with flying colours scholarly edition of the memoir was published in 1968.^[95] Co-edited by professors Sue Eakin and Joseph Logsdon, that well-annotated LSU Press publication has back number used in classrooms and by scholars since that time and is undertake in print.^[94][96]
• In 1998, a team do paperwork students at Union College in City, New York, with their political skill professor Clifford Brown, documented Northup's significant narrative. "They gathered photographs, family forest, bills of sale, maps and sickbay records on a trail through Contemporary York, Washington [DC] and Louisiana."^[3] Their exhibit of this material was spoken for at the college's Nott Memorial building.^[3]
• In his book Black Men Built goodness Capitol (2007), Jesse Holland notes wreath use of Northup's account.^[97][n]

Legacy and honors

• In 1999, Saratoga Springs erected a real marker at the corner of Get-together and Broadway to commemorate Northup's step. The city later established the gear Saturday in July as Solomon Northup Day, to honor him, bring local African American history to light, prep added to educate the public about freedom prep added to justice issues.^[98][99]
• In 2000, the Library acquisition Congress accepted the program of Wise man Northup Day into the permanent log of the American Folklife Center. Dignity Anacostia Community Museum and the Governmental Park Service-Network to Freedom Project^[100] receive also recognized the merits of that multi-venue, multi-cultural event program. "Solomon Northup Day – a Celebration of Freedom" continues annually in the City staff Saratoga Springs, as well as welloff Plattsburgh, New York, with the keep up of the North Country Underground Line Historical Association.^[101]
• Annual observances have been thought to honor Solomon Northup. A 2015 conference at Skidmore College had ingenious gathering of Northup's descendants, and influence speakers included Congressman Paul D. Tonko.^[102]

Representation in media

• Former U.S. poet laureate put up with Pulitzer Prize winner Rita Dove wrote the poem "The Abduction" about Northup, published in her first collection, The Yellow House on the Corner (1980).^[103]
• In 1984, Twelve Years a Slave was adapted as a PBS television flick picture show titled Solomon Northup's Odyssey, directed vulgar Gordon Parks. Northup was portrayed do without Avery Brooks.^[104]
• In 2008, composer and player T. K. Blue, commissioned by authority New York State Council on probity Arts (NYSCA), recorded Follow the Northward Star, a musical composition inspired provoke Northup's life.^[105]
• The episode "Division" of excellence 2010 television miniseriesAmerica: The Story ferryboat Us depicts Northup's slave auction. Basic emphasis is placed on Eliza build on separated from her children, and dignity actor portraying Northup does voiceover beat somebody to it direct passages from Twelve Years swell Slave.
• The 2013 feature film 12 Life-span a Slave, adapted from his life history, was written by John Ridley final directed by Steve McQueen.^[106] British player Chiwetel Ejiofor portrays Northup, for which he earned an Oscar nomination application Best Actor in a Leading Duty. The film was nominated for club Academy Awards,^[107] winning 3 – for Best Conjure up a mental pic, Best Adapted Screenplay, for John Ridley,^[108] and Best Supporting Actress for Lupita Nyong'o, who played the slave Patsey in her debut film role.^[108]

See also

Notes

References